CSA 2

CSA 2

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The Crusades

• Roughly 1100-1300

• A series of battles for the Holy Land between Christians and Muslims

• Christians (all Catholic at this point-->pre Luther) are promised salvation from the pope for fighting. They lose!

• Effects include: religious hate, curiosity of the world, exchange of knowledge (Christians learn Algebra, taste spices; Muslims get fine goods) leading to more trade

• Effects include: more power to Pope, more power to Monarchs,

• First wide scale use of religion to invade (we will see this in exploration)

The Renaissance

• Roughly 1350-1650 in Europe

• starts in Italy (strong city states, center of trade from Crusades, center of Rome--what they were "reviving" was there)

• Changes in artwork--it becomes less religious (more secular) and uses perspective. More realistic and celebrates human form and individualism (statute of David). TMNT

• Printing press by Guttenburg spreads info faster, will later spread the translated Bible, will later spread ideas of Enlightenment

• Catholic Church are patrons of art, Luther will criticize this

The Reformation

• Martin Luther exposes corruption in Catholic Church

• He was mad about indulgences and secularity in the Catholic Church

• He posts 95 thesis and refuses to recant them

• Gets excommunicated, starts own church, translates Bible into German

• Catholic Church loses members to new churches--reforms itself in Catholic Counter Reformation

• Henry VIII takes over Church of England for male heir (seperate but an example of reformation in Europe)

Exploration

• Motivations (God, Glory, Gold)

• Columbus "discovers" New World, conquers natives who don't have immunity to disease, leads to Columbian exchange

• Magellan sails around the world

• new technologies (caravel, magnetic compass)

• Spain and Portugal take the lead (Prince Henry builds school in Portugal)

Absolutism

• Type of government in Europe where Monarchs had complete power (from God, Divine Right Theory)

• These Monarchs often violated human rights and had no accountability (no check their power) and were often harsh to their people

• Example is Louis XIV of France, he builds Palace of Versailles and forces nobles to work there. Also engages in costly wars.

• Louis' policies drive France into deep debt that will lead to revolution in 200 years.

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Enlightenment

• Philosohpes in France begin to question the status quo

• Many publish writings at this time (write about your twitter person---how did they contribute to the Enlightenment)

• These philosophies meet secretly in salons, there they spread their ideas

• Their work is also spread to the regular people via printing press

Scientific Revolution

• From about 1400-1750

• Dramatic change in the way science is observed, measured, and applied

• Isaac Newton with laws of Gravity and calculus

• Bacon brothers of England and the Scientific Method (big change in how people determined what was true)

• the Enlightenment and Sci. Rev are similar in that they are using reason to determine truth

• Generally, the Church is against both movements as it will result in a loss of power for them

French Revolution

• Ancien Regime (3 estates---3rd is paying too much in taxes

• National Assembly writes Declaration of Rights of Man

• Reign of Terror led by Robespierre uses the guillotine on any one "against the revolution", takes over Church

• Revolution turns on itself, leaders of Committee of Public Safety all end up on guillotine

• The Directory is short lived and ineffective

• Napoleon comes to power in a coup de 'etat

Napoleon

• Military general who crowns himself emperor

• Constantly at war---almost conquers all of Europe

• Many popular reforms---taxation system, public schools, held elections

• Loses to Russia, Great Britain, final loss was in Waterloo, Beligum

• After him they bring back Louis' grandson (Louis 18) (this is called legitimacy--bringing back that "royal" bloodline

• Afterwards, attempts to restore Balance of Power in Europe so no one country dominates