OBM301 CHAPTER 8

OBM301 CHAPTER 8

WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

Writing A Research Paper

A research paper presents the results of investigations on a selected topic.

Based on thoughts and the facts and ideas have gathered from a variety of sources, a research paper is a creation that is authentic and original.

The experience of gathering, interpreting, and documenting information, developing and organizing ideas and conclusions, and communicating them clearly will prove to be an important and satisfying education results.

THREE CHAPTERS OF ACADEMIC WRITING

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Background of study

Problem Statement

Research Questions

Objective and Purpose

Significance of the study

THREE CHAPTERS OF ACADEMIC WRITING

CHAPTER 2

Literature review

Research Framework

Related studies

THREE CHAPTERS OF ACADEMIC WRITING

CHAPTER 3

Research methodology

Research Design

Research Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Referencing

 

REFERENCE SOURCES

Gaining a clear understanding of a topic, or a definition of an unfamiliar term

Locating additional resources on a topic

Learning more detailed information on a specific person, place, or topic

Obtaining a summary of events and developments surrounding a topic

REFERENCE SOURCES

The word “reference” comes from the verb “refer” which means, “to turn to for aid or information” where people referred to for the purpose of reference.

In the most libraries, the reference materials are kept together in one room or area that called as reference collection, reference room, or reference department.

REFERENCE SOURCES

Discovering how to complete a task, solve a problem, or answer a question

This is because of their nature is such that they are prepared for brief consultation rather for continuous reading.

REFERENCE BOOKS

A specific kind of publication, which has been planned and written, consulted for items of information.

 

Contains facts that have been brought together from many sources and organized for quick and easy use.

REFERENCE BOOKS

There are two types of reference books:

A. Contain the needed information such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks atlases.

 

B. tell the user where the information can be found such as bibliographies, index and abstracts.

GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS

Those which are broad in scope, not limited to any single subject but useful for all, or at least for many subject areas. 

The example of general reference books like:

 

Dictionaries, Almanacs, Yearbooks, Handbook

Biography, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Atlas, Biography, Directories, Gazetteer

Abstract

Abstracts provide bibliographic citations (author, title, publication data) for information sources (often, but not always, periodical articles).

Provide brief summaries of the contents of the sources they cite. 

Almanacs

Originally a projection of the coming year, days, months, holidays and weather forecast is the name given to a collection of miscellaneous facts and statistical information.

Almanacs typically cover a broad spectrum of topics but do not include in-depth information.

Almanacs are generally updated annually, so are excellent resources for finding current facts and information.

Atlases

Give visual information about geographic regions / places.

· General (world) atlases

· Historical atlases                 

Subject atlases  

Bibliography

A bibliography is a list of information sources that have some relationship to each other that been refer by individuals.

It described as to author, title, publisher, price and number of pages. 

A national bibliography could be defined as the accumulation of the authoritative and comprehensive records of national imprint country, published in printed form regularly, and with the least possible delay.

Biographical Sources

A collection of achievement and history of the lives of well-known individuals, arranged alphabetically by surname.

Biographical sources include information on individuals; the information given ranges in length from several brief sentences containing basic factual information about a person, to quite extensive " chapters" on individuals, or "mini-biographies."  

Dictionaries

Use a dictionary to look up th definition/meaning of a word. 

Provides information about words, meaning, derivation, spelling, pronunciation, syllabication, usage and current status.

Encyclopedia

Encyclopedias and other reference materials provide you with a good overall summary on many topics, which gives overview of a topic, including definition, description, background and bibliographical references.

Use an encyclopedia for background information and ideas for direction.

They are a good place to begin research on a topic but remember you should use additional resources.

Directories

Lists of names and addresses of persons, organizations or institutions.

It may provide other pertinent information, such as the purposes, the dues and the offices of organization.

Directories come in many shapes and forms, and generally list contact information (addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, URL's) for people, organizations, and/or businesses. 

Gazetteer

A volume that provides geographical information and data about places.

It does not define geographical terms. 

Quotation Source

Books of quotations can feature selected quotations or famous sayings on a wide array of themes and topics, or they can focus on specific authors (i.e., Shakespearean quotes), disciplines (i.e., business-related quotes), themes (i.e., political quotations), or nationalities or cultural groups (i.e., quotes from African Americans).

Handbook

Literally a small book that can be held conveniently in the hand provides miscellaneous items of information.

It may also be called a miscellany, a manual or a companion.

Thesaurus

A thesaurus is a type of Reference Source used to find synonyms or related terms for your topic. 

Yearbook

Often called an annual, presents the events of the past year in brief, concise form.  

WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Styles of Documentation

A citation is used to documented sources

To document sources is to give credit to the author whom you are quoting or whose ideas you are using.

Works Cited is sometimes referred to as References.

Styles of Documentation

The terms mean the same thing.

Each is an alphabetical list of works cited, or works to which you have made reference.

Styles of Documentation

Works Cited is generally used when citing sources using MLA (Modern Language Association) style, while the title References is used when citing sources using APA (American Psychological Association) style.

Work Cited

Works Cited only list items that have been actually cited.

Bibliography

Bibliography list all of the material that have been consulted in preparing essay. 

What is bibliography?

A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all materials consulted in the preparation of your assignment and appears at the end of the work.

An annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of books or articles for which you have added explanatory or critical notes.

What is bibliography?

The annotation is usually written in a paragraph, about 150 words, in which you briefly describe the book or article cited, then add an evaluation and a critical comment of your own.

An annotated bibliography differs from an abstract that is simply a summary of a piece of writing of about 150-250 words without critical evaluation.

What is bibliography?

SIX elements for control and access bibliography:

· Completeness

· Access to part

· Various Forms

· Identification

· Location

· Selection

Why Must You Do A Bibliography?

To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, and quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased.

To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing.

 

Why Must You Do A Bibliography?

To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic.

To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing.

EVALUATING BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 aspects to be consider when evaluating a bibliography.

EVALUATING BIBLIOGRAPHY

Purpose

Important that a bibliography is a needed and it is not just another replicas or repetition of other‘s work.

 

Scope

The bibliography must be completed within its scope and objective stated

 

Annotations and abstract

These should be clear, and informative, where the descriptions are used for entries. 

EVALUATING BIBLIOGRAPHY

Current

Material should be latest whereby this is the purpose of bibliography.

 

Accuracy

Material must be accurate, especially in terms of arrangement, also if there is any correction after being published.

EVALUATING BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliographical Form

Standard entry with information when you need to identify and locate.

 

Methodology

Method of compiling should be advanced that you have scanned and inspected all the materials listed.

 

Organizations

It must be organized in a clear and user-friendly fashioned.

 

DEVELOPING AN OUTLINE

TEN Steps in Writing in a Research Paper

TEN Steps in Writing in a Research Paper

1. Choose a topic.

2. Identify and select sources of information.

3. Prepare bibliography cards to document the sources of information used.

4. Prepare note cards to record information from each source used.

TEN Steps in Writing in a Research Paper

5. Prepare an outline for the research paper.

6. Write and revise drafts of the research paper.

7. Prepare footnotes to give credit to sources from which you quoted or took major ideas.

TEN Steps in Writing in a Research Paper

8. Prepare a bibliography according to the style manual required by your instructor.

9. Prepare a title page and table of contents.

10. Proofread the research paper.

END OF CHAPTER 8

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