Cells

Cells

The basic unit of life

Objective: describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways the organelles contribute to the function.

The Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells

• All of the processes of life take place in cells

• All of the processes of life take place in cells

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory?

• All living things are made up of cells

• New cells can be formed out of dust

• All of the processes of life take place in the cells

• New cells come from existing cells

Multiple Choice

___________ are the basic unit of life.

• Cells

• bacteria

• organs

• organisms

Multiple Choice

Organisms that are only made up of one cell are called

• unicellular

• multicellular

• acellular

Organelles

Cell organelles (little organs) are the internal organs of a cell responsible for carrying out specific jobs to keep the cell alive. These organelles are responsible for providing all the needs of the cell. 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following cell parts are like little organs in a cell?

• lungs

• organelles

• bacteria

• viruses

Cell Organelles are much like organs in our body. 

•  Each one has a specific job to complete for the cell.

• If one organelle within the cell stops completing its job, then the cell will die or stop working properly.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is more likely to happen if an organelle in a cell stops working?

• The cell will go dormant (basically fall asleep).

• The cell will die

• The cell will adapt to survive

• Nothing

Open Ended

What is one function that you think an organelle in a cell might have?

5 Main Organelle Functions

• Bring in food supplies

• Get rid of waste

• Protect the Cell

• Repair the Cell

• Help the cell grow or reproduce

Let's Break it Down

Who has what?

Cell Membrane

• A structure that keeps all of the organelles inside and keeps any nasty or unwanted things outside the cell.

• It’s like a plastic bag with some tiny holes let some things move in and out of the cell - we call this "semi" or "selectively" permeable.

• Cell membranes maintain homeostasis - or a balance between the inside and outside of the cell.

Multiple Choice

A cell membrane is most like

• a plastic bag with holes in it

• a stomach

• a brain

• a body builder

Multiple Choice

A selectively permeable membrane is one that

• Allows nothing to enter or exit the cell

• Allows anything to enter or exit the cell

• Allows some things to enter the cell and somethings to exit the cell

Cytoplasm

- The fluid that fills a cell where the cell organelles are suspended.

- "Cyto" - cell

- "Plasm" - fluid

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the jelly like substance where organelles are suspended?

• Cell Membrane

• Chloroplasts

• Cytoplasm

• Lysosome

Nucleus

• Like the brain of the cell

• gives instructions that direct all of the cell’s activities

• Contains DNA

Multiple Choice

Which organelle is responsible for telling the cell and its organelles what to do and holds DNA - the genetic material.

• Chromosomes

• Nucleus

• Golgi Apparatus

• Cell Membrane

Nuclear Membrane

• the boundary around the nucleus that keeps DNA (the genetic material) inside the nucleus and the organelles outside the nucleus

Nucleolus

• Also called the “little nucleus” 

• Where ribosomes are made

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is made in the Nucleolus?

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

• The “Power House” of the Cell

• Converts (changes) energy in food into energy that the cell can use to carry out its function

• Produces ATP (ATP is the energy the cells uses)

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate - More on that later...

Multiple Choice

Why is Mitochondria referred to as the "Power House" of the cell?

• Because it has muscles

• Because it's responsible for making ATP - energy

• Because it provides shelter like a house

• Because it causes cellular movement

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• A cell structure that forms a maze of passage ways where materials (ex: some lipids (fats) and proteins) are made and carried to other cells parts

• Can be Rough – with Ribosomes

• Can be smooth – without ribosomes

Ribosomes

• small grain-like structures in the cytoplasm where protein are made. 

Ribosomes - What's the difference?

Detached (free floating) ribosomes help with cellular metabolism and make enzymes that release the energy from glucose (sugar) molecules.

Attached ribosomes (to the ER) make proteins for outside the cell, such as digestive enzymes used in the gut. 

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

• helps with making proteins and lipids that

• Acts as the cell's brain

• Suspends the organelles

• acts as a barrier to keep things out of the cell

Multiple Choice

What do ribosomes do?

• make cytoplasm

• make proteins

• make DNA

• make ATP

Golgi Apparatus

•  like Fed Ex 

• Receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Modifies proteins (changes them to best support the cell)

• Packages proteins

• Distributes proteins to other parts of the cell

Multiple Choice

The Gogli Apparatus is most analagous to which part of a city?

• Fed Ex/ the Post Office

• A Power Plant

• A Fence with a Gate

• A Waste Management Facility

Vacuole

• a sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area  

• Vacuoles are larger in plants and also helps to give the cell some of its structure

More on those helpful Vacuoles

Vacuoles can store either waste or harmful substances, or useful substances the cell will need later on.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following might you find in a vacuole?

• harmful substances

• cellular waste

• useful substances the cell will need later on

• All of the above

Lysosome

•  Like the cell’s digestive system

• small round organelle containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller onces.

Multiple Choice

What body system is most similar to the lysosome?

• Circulatory System

• Respiratory System

• Digestive System

• Immune System

So What do plants have that animals don't?

• Cell Wall

• Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

• a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell.

• This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure

• The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.

Multiple Choice

Why is the cell wall important?

• It gives plants their structure

• It helps cells bond to one another

• It give plants their green color

• Only A & B

• All of the Above

Chloroplasts

• Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy (glucose/ food) takes place here

• Contains green chlorophyll - which makes plants green

Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts make glucose (sugar)

• Mitochondria turn glucose (sugar) into energy (ATP)

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria?

• Chloroplasts take energy from the sun and make glucose and Mitochondria use that glucose to make energy (ATP)

• Mitochondria take energy from the sun and make glucose and Chloroplasts use that glucose to make energy (ATP)

• There is no difference