Challenges in Lagos 2 Edexcel A

Challenges in Lagos Part 2

Whilst we wait for others to join grab yourself a pen and paper ready to take notes in today's lesson.

Starter: Why is waste both a challenge and opportunity in Lagos?

Let's begin with a quick quiz...

Multiple Select

Which of the following are likely to be informal jobs in Lagos?

• Estate agent

• Waste picker

• Hospital nurse

• Timber cutter

Multiple Choice

What do we call a part of the city where lots of secondary businesses are located?

• Urban industrial areas

• Urban factory zones

• Urban business parks

• Urban science parks

Multiple Select

Why is providing services a challenge in Lagos? (2)

• It is densely populated

• It is sparsely populated

• 66% of Lagosians live in informal housing

• 33% of Lagosians live in informal housing

Multiple Select

How is the government hoping to tackle water shortages in Lagos? (2)

• Providing squatter settlements with piped water

• Building water kiosks with set prices

• Employing more informal water sellers

• Investing $2.5billion in new pipes and repairing leaks

Multiple Choice

Which of the following facts is not true about Makoko?

• It is home to 1/4 million people

• It has 1 primary school

• 5 households share a toilet

• Most people have informal jobs

Challenges in Lagos Part 2

Learning intentions:

- To identify a range of social, economic and environmental challenges in Lagos

- To explain why managing the problems caused by urban growth is challenging

Reducing Unemployment and crime

Reducing Unemployment

• As we know, there are many formal jobs in Lagos, such as banking, finance, marketing, real estate and business.

• However a lack of formal jobs means that 60% of the population work in the informal sector.

• This means that many people live on less than $1.25 per day.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are characteristics of the informal sector?

• Hours are contracted, with regular breaks

• Low skilled, no qualifications needed

• No benefits (sick pay or holiday pay)

• Tax is paid to the government from wages

• Labour intensive (hard physical work)

Olusosun Rubbish Dump

• The largest rubbish dump in Africa

• Receives 10,000 tonnes per day

• There are 1000 homes here

• People informally scavenge and recycle scrap

• Toxic fumes are released, damaging their health

• Fires are common due to the fumes setting alight - a 2018 inferno caused evacuations

Multiple Select

Which are benefits of informal jobs in Lagos?

• Unskilled migrants can find work and have an income

• Jobs can be dangerous and unsupervised

• More services are provided at affordable prices

• No tax is paid to the government to improve services

Open Ended

Is waste in Lagos more of a challenge or an opportunity?

Crime

• Due to urban sprawl, the city is too large to police all areas

• Makoko is patrolled by a gang named 'Area Boys' who police the slums but also commit crimes.

• Many are orphans or have been disowned after joining a gang. 

• Others are trying to get by in an area with few job opportunities. 

• Mostly they sleep in the street or in makeshift shelters. 

Open Ended

Suggest why crime and unemployment may be linked in Lagos.

Managing Environmental Issues

Waste

• Lagos generates around 9000 tonnes of rubbish a day

• Only 40% is officially collected

• Large dumps like Olusosun contain toxic waste

• Tonnes of waste ends up in Lagos Lagoon

• Lagos Waste Management Authority have started doing nightly collections and putting recycling banks on each estate

Multiple Choice

What percentage of Lagos' waste is collected?

• 20%

• 40%

• 60%

• 80%

Air Pollution

• 10,000 illegal factories in Lagos

• Waste disposal and emissions from factories are not controlled

• Air pollution is 5X higher than limit

• High car, taxi and generator usage adds to these problems

• This causes respiratory infections, diseases, and asthma, increasing the death rate

• There are no emissions regulations for industries

Multiple Choice

How many illegal industries are there in Lagos?

• 100

• 1000

• 10,000

• 100,000

Traffic Congestion

• 40% of cars in Nigeria are registered in Lagos

• Investment in infrastructure has not kept up with urban growth

• The centre of Lagos is an island connected with only 3 bridges

• Official public transport is limited

• 'Go slow' traffic jams lasting up to 2 hours add to air pollution

• Poorest pay 1/5th of income

• Fatal accidents 3X higher

Multiple Choice

Name Lagos' two-hour traffic congestion

• Go slow

• City crush

• Late Lagos

• Rush hour

Multiple Choice

What was the leading cause of death in Nigeria in 2017?

• HIV/AIDs

• Lower respiratory infection

• Malaria

• Stroke

Open Ended

Suggest why air pollution is the leading cause of death in Lagos. Use facts in your answer.

Use a case study to explain why managing traffic congestion and air pollution can be challenging in a city in a NEE/LIC (6 marks)

Success criteria:

- Identify city and causes of urban growth

- 1 PEEL on challenges managing traffic congestion

- 1 PEEL on challenges managing air pollution

Open Ended

Use a case study to explain why managing traffic congestion and air pollution can be challenging in a city in a NEE/LIC (6 marks)

Intro - identify city and causes of urban challenges

Open Ended

Use a case study to explain why managing traffic congestion and air pollution can be challenging in a city in a NEE/LIC (6 marks)

PEEL 1 - challenges of managing traffic congestion

Open Ended

Use a case study to explain why managing traffic congestion and air pollution can be challenging in a city in a NEE/LIC (6 marks)

PEEL 2 - challenges of managing air pollution

Use a case study to explain why managing traffic congestion and air pollution can be challenging in a city in a NEE/LIC (6 marks)

• Lagos is megacity in Nigeria, the fastest growing megacity in the world. Its population is over 14 million and 1,200 people are added each day.

• This means that managing traffic congestion is a significant challenge, as 40% of Nigeria's cars are registered in Lagos. Due to this there is a high volume of traffic on the roads, leading to jams called 'go slow' for up to 2 hours each day. The massive growth in traffic means that the government have not been able to build adequate road infrastructure and don't have enough money to invest in the amount of public transport.

• Managing air pollution is also challenging due to the fact that there are 10,000 illegal industries in Lagos producing toxic fumes at 5 times the recommended level. Therefore, due to the sheer number of illegal industries it is very difficult for the government to regulate emissions of air pollutants. This is made worse by the fact that there are no emissions regulations for industries in Nigeria, which means that the Lagos state government cannot fine highly polluting industries.