13.1 Identifying the Substance of the Gene

13.1 Identifying the Substance of the Gene

​

Bacterial Transformation

• Griffith 1928 Experiment

• 'Something' could be transferred from one bacteria to another

• Genetic material can be passed from one organism to another

• Not sure what that 'material' was

1944 Oswald Avery

• Destroyed protien but genetic info was passed on

• Destroyed lipids but genetic info was passed on

• Destroyed RNA but genetic info was passed on

• Destroyed DNA and genetic info was NOT passed on

• DNA is the genetic material not protiens, lipids or RNA

Bacteriophage

• A virus that infects and kills bacteria

• Inserts its DNA into a bacteria

• The inserted DNA takes over the bacteria the forces it to reproduce more bacteriophage viruses so it can infect more bacteria

1952 Hershey/Chase

• Using radioactive markers on DNA and Protein to track their movement

• Bacteriophages infected bacteria by inserting genetic material

• Only DNA was transferred into infected bacteria's gene material

• Confirmed Avery's conclusion of DNA being the gene material

Multiple Choice

Which scientists used viruses and radioactive isotopes to definitively prove that DNA, and not protein, was the molecule of heredity?

• Griffith and Avery
• Chargaff and Franklin
• Watson and Crick
• Hershey and Chase

Multiple Choice

Who discovered the process of transformation while trying to create a vaccine against bacterial pneumonia?

• Griffith
• Avery
• Hershey and Chase
• Watson and Crick

Multiple Choice

Griffith discovered that

• DNA is different than RNA.
• adenine = thymine.
• bacteria can transfer DNA.
• DNA is the genetic molecule.

Multiple Choice

By using radioactive isotopes, Hershey and Chase were able to conclude that __ is/are the carrier(s) of genetic information.

• Nucleic Acid/DNA

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

Multiple Choice

From his work with mice and pneumonia-causing bacteria, Frederick Griffin coined the term

• Replication
• Transcription
• Transformation
• Translation

Multiple Choice

Avery added an enzyme known to break down DNA to his extract, and saw that the bacteria were __________________

• still transformed even without DNA present

• not transformed because DNA carries genetic info

• still transformed because protein carries genetic info too

• all killed

Multiple Choice

Avery added an enzyme known to break down PROTEINS to his extract, and saw that the bacteria were ____________________

• still transformed because DNA was the genetic material not protein

• not transformed because lipids are the genetic material

• all killed

• all of these

Multiple Choice

This scientist conducted experiments that involved injecting mice with heat killed harmful bacteria and harmless bacteria and concluding that TRANSFORMATION of the harmful genes to the living harmless bacteria killed the mice.

• Avery

• Griffith

• Watson & Crick

• Hershey & Chase

Multiple Choice

Hershey and Chase settled the debate about what makes up genetic material in the cell by only finding radioactive tracers on this macromolecule that were injected into bacteria by a bacteriophage.

• Protein

• DNA

• Carbohydrates

• All of These

Multiple Choice

The scientist(s) who labeled viruses with radioactive tags and settled the debate about whether it was proteins or DNA that was the genetic material of the cell

• Avery

• Hershey & Chase

• Watson & Crick

• Griffith

Multiple Choice

This scientist(s) destroyed the Protein, RNA and DNA of S-strain pneumonia cells to determine the "transforming principle" was DNA by process of elimination

• Avery

• Griffith

• Franklin & Wilkins

• Watson & Crick

Multiple Choice

In the early 1900s, most scientists thought it was _____________ that carried traits form parent to offspring.

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• DNA

Role of DNA

• Store info in genes or recipes by using a 4 letter alphabet

• Copies Information during Interphase S of the cell cycle

• Gene Expression is using those recipes to give instructions to the ribosome to make a protein or to express that ATCG combo recipes in a phyical form

Multiple Select

Which of the following describes DNA?

• Cannot leave the Nucleus

• Uses A, T, C, and G as the bases

• Is a double helix

• Is a single helix

• Uses A, U, C, and G as the bases

Multiple Choice

The order of the base pairs along a gene is important  because:

• an organism can only survive if the base pairs are in the correct sequence.

• if forms a code that tells a cell which protein to make.

• if forms a code that tells a cell how to reproduce.

• None of the above: the order of base pairs doesn't matter