Opening the constitutional convention

Opening the constitutional convention

Benjamin Franklin, the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention, had doubts about the drafting of the Constitution. However, he said, “The older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment and pay more respect to the judgment of others.”

Multiple Choice

This showed the the articles of confederation was weak...

• Shays' Rebellion

• The American Revolution

Philadelphia was already hot and humid when delegates began drifting into the city. On May 25, 1787, the Constitutional Convention met for the first time in the east room of the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall).  The Declaration of Independence had been debated in this very room just 11 years earlier.  The delegates would meet in the east room all summer.  On some days, temperatures rose well into the nineties.

The delegates' first action was to elect George Washington president of the convention  because no man was more admired and respected than the former commander in chief of the Continental army.  When the war ended, Washington could have used his power and popularity to make himself a king.  Instead, he went home to Virginia to resume his life as an ordinary citizen.  Despite his reluctance to return to public life, however, Washington would play a key role by presiding over the convention and lending it his prestige.

The Delegates

 Fifty-five delegates from 12 states attended the Constitutional Convention. Rhode Island, which prided itself as “the home of the otherwise minded” and feared a strong national government, boycotted the meeting.

Multiple Choice

How many delegates attended the convention ?

• 12

• 55

• 24

• 13

Multiple Choice

How many states were represented at the convention ?

• 12

• 55

• 24

• 13

Some leaders of the revolution were also missing. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were representing the United States in Great Britain and France, respectively. Others who did not attend included Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. They feared that a strong national government would endanger the rights of states.

As a group, the delegates were, in the words of a modern historian, “the well-bred, the well-fed, the well-read, and the well-wed.” Their average age was 42. At 81, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania was the oldest, arriving at the convention each day in a sedan chair carried by four good-natured prisoners from a nearby jail.

Multiple Choice

The average age of the attendees was...

• 41

• 42

• 84

Multiple Choice

The oldest person in attendance was ...

• 41

• 42

• 81

Most of the delegates brought extensive political experience to the meeting. More than two-thirds were lawyers, and most had served in their state legislatures or held a state office. Thomas Jefferson was so impressed by the ability and experience of these men that he called the convention “an assembly of demi-gods.”

The Father of the Constitution

 The best prepared of the delegates was James Madison of Virginia. One delegate wrote of Madison, “In the management of every great question he evidently took the lead in the Convention.” Indeed, Madison's influence was so great that later he would be called the “Father of the Constitution.”

Multiple Choice

Most delegates were..

• Laywers

• Farmers

Multiple Choice

who was known as The Father of the Constitution

• Thomas Jefferson

• George Washington

• Alexander Hamilton

• James Madison

Madison addressed the convention numerous times, and when he was not speaking, he was taking notes. Sitting near the front of the room so that he could hear everything that was said, Madison wrote down nearly every word. Altogether, his notes covered more than 600 printed pages, and this remarkable record helps us understand what went on inside the convention day by day.

The Rule of Secrecy 

At the time, however, no one outside the convention knew what was happening. After choosing a president, the delegates voted on rules for the convention, the most important of these being the rule of secrecy. The delegates wanted to feel free to speak their minds without causing alarm or opposition among the general public, so they agreed to keep secret whatever was said in the meeting room until their work was done.

Multiple Choice

The delegates were free to discuss what happened at the convention with everyone

• true

• false

One day, Washington was handed some notes that had been dropped in the hall outside the east room. Washington pocketed the paper until the end of debate the next day, when, in his sternest voice, he lectured the delegates on the importance of secrecy. “I know not whose paper it is,” Washington said as he flung the notes on his desk. “But there it is, let him who owns it take it.” The notes were never claimed. Instead, they lay on Washington's desk for days.

Like Washington, the delegates took the rule of secrecy seriously. During that long summer, not a single word about the convention debates appeared in any newspaper.

Multiple Choice

The Convention was often in the newspaper

• true

• false

Shared Beliefs and Clashing Views

 Once the convention was organized, the delegates got down to business. As a group, the delegates had much in common, but they also had very different views on many issues facing the new nation.

To be sure, all the delegates were  committed  to the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.   The basic purpose of government, they believed, was to protect the rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”  And they agreed, in the words of the Declaration, that the “just powers” of governments came from “the consent of the governed. ”

In part, these beliefs reflected the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like England's John Locke.  Human institutions, these  liberal  thinkers had argued, should be based on “laws of nature,” among which were the rights to liberty and equality.   The best way to protect these rights, the delegates agreed, was through some form of republic.

From New England's town meetings to lawmaking bodies like the Virginia House of Burgesses, Americans had a long tradition of participating in their own government.  After the American Revolution, all the states had adopted  constitutions  that embraced republican ideals.  Despite many differences in details, every state had some form of representative government and had expanded the rights to vote and to hold office.  The state constitutions helped to shape the delegates' thinking.

Despite the delegates' broad agreement on a government “of the people,” many questions were left unanswered.  For example, who exactly should have a say in a truly “representative” government?  Even in liberal Pennsylvania, only free, white males could vote, while other states allowed only wealthier citizens to vote or hold office.  Women could not vote in any state except New Jersey.  (New Jersey women would lose the right to vote in 1807. )

Perhaps the most troubling question of all was how powerful the national government should be.  Many delegates wanted to keep government close to the people by preserving the rights of the states.  They feared that a strong national government would threaten individual liberty, but others, including Madison, argued just the opposite.  Look at what has happened under the Articles of Confederation, they said, referring to events like Shays' Rebellion.  If the central government is too weak, it cannot do its job of protecting liberty and property.

Tempers often flared as the delegates wrestled with these and other issues behind closed doors.  Several times it seemed the convention might collapse in failure.  But the delegates ultimately found ways to save the convention—and the nation.

Multiple Choice

This person was NOT a leader at the constitutional convention

• Washington

• Madison

• Jefferson

• Franklin

Multiple Choice

he was the best-prepared delegate, spoke numerous times, and kept the best records.

• Madison

• Washington

• Franklin

Multiple Choice

made sure the rules were enforced

• Madison

• Washington

• Franklin

Multiple Choice

arrived at the convention each day in a sedan chair carried by four good-natured prisoners from a nearby jail.

• Madison

• Washington

• Franklin

Multiple Choice

Why did the important leaders Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry not attend the convention?

• They were out of town

• They feared that a stronger national government would hurt the rights of the states.

Multiple Choice

Why did the important leaders John Adams and Thomas Jefferson not attend the convention?

• They were out of town

• They feared that a stronger national government would hurt the rights of the states.

Multiple Choice

What did delegates for a strong national government believe?

• The national government should have more power so it can do its job of protecting the people’s rights. Under the Articles of Confederation, which gives more power to the states, the nation is falling apart.

• A strong national government could threaten individual liberty. The state governments are closer to the people’s control and so should have more power than the national government.

Multiple Choice

What did delegates for stronger state governments (weaker national government) believe?

• The national government should have more power so it can do its job of protecting the people’s rights. Under the Articles of Confederation, which gives more power to the states, the nation is falling apart.

• A strong national government could threaten individual liberty. The state governments are closer to the people’s control and so should have more power than the national government.