APB - Unit 7.1 - Evolution

APB - Unit 7.1 - Evolution

Bridge between Biotech and Evolution

Chapters 21, 22, 25 & 26

We have always asked the questions

• Who are we?

• Where did we come from?

• How did we get here?

• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ evolution/

The two biggest names associated with evolution are:

• Charles Darwin

• Alfred Russell Wallace

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ evolutionary_thought

Darwin vs. Wallace

Both were on to something.

More on the Wallace Line

DNA data collected can be analyzed.

• Bioinformatics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics

• Genomics and Metagenomics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics

• Proteomics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics

All of this is part of a Systems Biology approach.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology

Unusual patterns emerged such as

• Pseudogenes, repetitive DNA, and transposable elements/transposons.

• The benefits of being a bit "stubborn" and "standing your ground" - Barbara McClintock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock

More DNA patterns

• Short tandem repeats (STR)

• Multigene families

• Number and structure of chromosomes

• Humans vs. chimpanzees and chromosome 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GfKZlTRNjA

Cladograms ~ Family trees

But measured

and Phylogenetic Trees

Biotech is a far better way to measure

• how closely related organisms are compared to morphology/shape.

• However, Homologous structures and Homeobox/Hox genes are related to each other.

• Analogous structures are just structures that kinda look the same.

Vestigial structures

Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution

So what impact does biotech have

on Darwin's and Wallace's idea?

Time, we needed a lot of time for evolution to happen.

• Eons from PBS has more details. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzR-rom72PHN9Zg7RML9EbA

• Enter James Hutton from Scotland.

If you take a poll

• You will find that most people are okay with microevolution but have a problem with macroevolution.

• However, these results differ depending on the culture that you were raised in.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_support_for_ evolution

Does behavior lead to evolution?

Jean Baptiste Lamarck had this thought way back when.

What helped us evolved into US ?

Cooking

Tools

Art

Music

Communication

??? Spices ???

A.I. can evolve too.

I'll admit, these videos are a bit funny.

Review

• Evolution has been a topic of conversation for eons in many, many different cultures and philosophical discussions.

• We introduced Darwin and Wallace and their work.

• We discussed how DNA and protein data is being mined for various reasons.

Review

• This genetic data mining has led to several new fields and a Systems Biology approach.

• As genetic data is analyzed, unusual patterns emerge including pseudogenes, repetitions, transposons, families,... Thank you Barbara McClintock.

• We saw how chromosome 2 differs between chimpanzees and US.

Review

• We can create representations of our genetic similarities and differences using phylogenetic trees and cladograms.

• These techniques are far more reliable that morphological data.

• However, homologous structures are related to Hox genes and homeobox genes.

Review

• Analogous structures differ from Homologous structures because the first comes from convergent evolution while the later comes from divergent evolution.

• Vestigial organs are organs that are no longer used, well, we thought so about the appendix but...

Review

• We discussed how biotech could have possibly changed ideas during Darwin/Wallace's time.

• We discussed how you need a very, very long period of time for evolution to occur in order to wind up with what we see now on Earth. Thank you James Hutton.

Review

• Microevolution is over a short period of time compared to macroevolution.

• We discussed whether or not Lamarck was possibly on to something given epigenetic and other data.

• We ended talking about what probably helped humans become US.