Topic 2 & 3 Networking Fundamentals II

Topic 2 Networking Fundamentals II

A221

​Outline

• Bandwidth

• Throughput

• OSI Model

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Network Latency

• While there are differences between throughput and latency, they’re fundamentally interconnected.

• Latency measures delay, which is simply the time taken for a data packet to reach its destination after being sent while throughput measures the amount of packets processed during a specific time.

• Throughput and latency work together within a network environment to influence network performance.

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

​Improve Throughput

• To optimize throughput, you have to minimize network latency.

• If your network data center delay and latency are too high, it will take longer for a data packet to reach its destination, resulting in lagging services.

• To reduce latency and optimize throughput, try:​

  • Using browser caching

  • Rebooting your network​

  • Use a Content Delivery Network (CDN)

  • Close heavy-bandwidth applications

  • Use a wired connection

  • Remove faulty hardware

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Browser Caching

• Browsers will cache different resources of a website locally in order to decrease the number of requests back to the server.

• A cache is a high-speed data storage layer which stores a subset of data, typically transient in nature, so that future requests for that data are served up faster than is possible by accessing the data’s primary storage location.

• Caching allows you to efficiently reuse previously retrieved or computed data.​

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Reboot Network

• If you haven’t turned on your network hardware in a while, it could be causing a lag.

• Take a moment to reboot the system by unplugging the router and modem.

• Lag refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay.

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Content Delivery Network

• Using a CDN will bring resources closer to the user by caching them in multiple locations globally.

• This way, a users’ request only needs to travel to the closest data center network location to retrieve packets instead of going back to the origin server.

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Heavy-B'width Apps

• All network connections have allotted bandwidth, so if you’re using the maximum amount, latency will increase.

• To improve performance, shut down applications you’re not actively using.

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

5 Apps That Hog Bandwidth on Your Network | Cisco Meraki Blog

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​Wired Connection

• Wireless connections increase the chance of packets getting lost since they’re sent through the air.

• After this happens, the server has to send the information again which causes a delay.

• Using an Ethernet or fiber optic cable is an inexpensive and efficient way to improve connection and speed.

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​Faulty Hardware

• Faulty hardware can sometimes cause high latency.

• By process of elimination, try working without certain equipment to see how it affects network speed to pinpoint the exact piece of hardware causing the issue.

STIV3023 | MMNET

Dr. Harryizman Harun SMMTC, UUM

​ARPANET

ISO

​communication networking protocols

​how applications can communicate over a network

​establish links and network interaction

​standards on which the internet was created

​guidelines on how communication has to be done

Review Questions

Topic 2 Part II

Multiple Choice

Bandwidth is the range of frequencies embodied in a signal & the range of frequencies that a system can process.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

The factors that affect throughput are:

• Congestion level in the network

• Topology of the network

• Protocols used to transfer the data

• The brand of the receiving host

• Networking devices in the route being used

Multiple Choice

Bandwidth rate may vary over time due to network conditions; throughput does not vary over time

• False

• True

Multiple Choice

The below statement represents which OSI layer?

Provides a communications service interface.

• Presentation

• Application

• Data Link

• Transport

• Physical

Multiple Choice

The below statement represents which OSI layer?

Accept messages from the upper layers & break them into packets suitable for the lower layer protocols.

• Presentation

• Application

• Data Link

• Transport

• Physical

Multiple Choice

The below statement represents which OSI layer?

Use error-detection techniques & retransmission protocols to ensure the receiver gets error-free data.

• Presentation

• Application

• Data Link

• Transport

• Physical

Reorder

Rearrange the given OSI layers correctly based on the flow of data from receiver perspective.

• Physical

• Data Link

• Network

• Transport

• Session

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Draw

Draw in the photo using arrows or circles to show bandwidth and throughput. Use the short explanation given as a guide.

End of Review Questions

Thank you