Evolution Review

Evolution Review

-Evolution = the gradual change in species over time. present day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species.

- The first organism on Earth was a simple single-celled organism.

Multiple Choice

The theory of evolution states that

• species that are extinct have no biological relationship to living species

• different animal species always interbreed to form new and different species

• species change over time, sometimes developing into new species

• the environment of Earth is constant over time

Multiple Choice

Many scientists suggest that billions of years ago, life on Earth began with

• simple, single-celled organisms

• simple, multicellular organisms

• complex, single-celled organisms

• complex, multicellular organisms

Natural Selection

• Organisms that are successful (fit) in their environment survive and reproduce, passing their advantageous traits on to their offspring.

• The frequency of an advantageous trait will increase in a population.

• The environment selects the organisms with favorable traits to survive.

• Natural selection is based on the following:

• Overproduction --> Competition --> Variation --> Survival of the Fittest

• Sources of variety: meiosis, sexual reproduction & mutations.

Multiple Choice

A variety of species of Galapagos finches evolved from one original species long ago through the process of

• asexual reproduction

• ecological succession

• natural selection

• selective breeding

Multiple Choice

Meiosis, production of more offspring than can survive, and struggling with the challenges of the environment are all concepts associated with

• mitotic division

• natural selection

• selective breeding

• genetic engineering

Multiple Choice

Survival of at least a few members of a population after a major environmental change is most dependent on

• the population having an individual that is adapted to the original environment

• the population having an individual that is adapted to great changes in the temperature in its environment

• no variations in the color of the fur, skin, or feathers of the individuals in the population

• variations in many different traits in many individuals in the population

Multiple Choice

The diagram below represents the same field of mice hunted by a hawk over a period of three months. The overall changes in the population of mice can be explained best by

• natural selection

• succession

• reproduction

• mouse extinction

Multiple Choice

Each row in the chart below represents a different population of the same species of insect. Which row shows the population with the greatest chance of survival in a changing environment?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Adaptations

• An inherited physical or behavioral trait that can possibly help an organism survive in a specific environment.

• There can be environmental change, in which case the traits that used to be advantageous may no longer be helpful to the survival of the organism.

• In the case above, the frequency of that trait will decrease in the population over future generations.

Multiple Choice

Scientists who have examined the fossil record have noted that some species have changed very little over long periods of geologic time. The lack of change in such organisms is most likely because

• all members of their population were genetically identical, and they lived in a rapidly changing environment

• there was a large amount of variation in their population, and the environment changed frequently

• they could move between different environments when food supplies became scarce

• the environment that they lived in remained the same, and they were well-adapted to it

Multiple Choice

The back of the Namib Desert darkling beetle, shown in the photograph below, is covered in little bumps that collect water from the air. When it tilts forward, the water runs off its back into its mouth. These specialized structures on the beetle's back allow it to

• locate food within the harsh desert environment

• obtain a substance that is required for survival

• reproduce asexually if mates are not available in the area

• increase the chances of survival by producing organic raw materials

Multiple Choice

Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria present on hands. Constant use of these soaps could be harmful over time because

• microbes prevent viral diseases

• more pathogens may be resistant to the soap

• large populations of pathogens are beneficial to the hands

• the soap stimulates skin cell division

Multiple Choice

A species in a changing environment would have the best chance of survival as a result of a mutation that has a

• high adaptive value and occurs in its skin cells

• low adaptive value and occurs in its skin cells

• high adaptive value and occurs in its gametes

• low adaptive value and occurs in its gametes

Cladograms aka Evolutionary Trees

- Used to show how evolutionary lines split from each other over time.

- Letters represent different species.

- Species on the same branch are closely related.

- Common ancestors are found where branches meet.

- A species whose branch does not reach the top of the tree is extinct.

Multiple Choice

Which two finches are most closely related?

• Lesser Koa finch and Nukupuu

• Akialoa and Ou

• Kauai akialoa and Maui parrot bill

• Ou and Greater Koa finch

Multiple Choice

A section of the mammalian evolutionary tree is shown below. Which number would indicate the most recent common ancestor of the hyrax, elephant, and manatee on the section of this mammalian evolutionary tree?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Evidence for Evolution

- Fossil record

- Comparative anatomy

- Comparative biochemistry

- Comparative embryology

- Similarities in any of these show an COMMON ANCESTOR

Multiple Choice

In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble one another. This observation suggests that these animals may have

• a similar number of chromosomes

• similar habitat requirements

• the same blood components

• a common ancestry

Multiple Choice

The information in the chart provides data that can help in the identification of possible evolutionary relationships from the study of comparative

• cytology

• embryology

• biochemistry

• anatomy

Multiple Choice

Base your answer on The diagram below illustrates the distribution of fossils in undisturbed layers of silt at the bottom of the ocean. Which inference can correctly be made from the diagram?

• The fossils in layer C are older than those in layer A.

• The fossils in layer B are older than those in layer C.

• The fossils in layer A are older than those in layer C.

• The fossils in layer A are older than those in layer B.

Multiple Choice

The presence of some similar structures in all vertebrates suggests that these vertebrates

• all develop at the same rate

• evolved from different animals that appeared on Earth at the same time

• all develop internally and rely on nutrients supplied by the mother

• may have an evolutionary relationship

Extinction

- When all individuals of a species have died.

- Caused by the lack of the species' ability to adapt to a changing environment.

Multiple Choice

Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms. Which statement can best be inferred based on the information in the diagram?

• Natural selection occurs only as a result of mutations.

• Natural selection requires a minimum of 5 million years to occur.

• Each new species that develops continues to exist through present time.

• Some species that are no longer successful in their environment may become extinct.

The End!

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