Chapter 10

Chapter 10 Evolution by Natural Selection

Geologic change

Scientists discovered by studying fossils that species did in fact go extinct. The geologists disagreed on ideas of geologic change. The main 3 ideas that we studied were gradualism, catastrophism, and uniformitarianism.

Multiple Choice

The idea that past natural disasters, like volcanic eruptions and floods, shaped the landforms and caused species to go extinct is...

• Gradualism

• Catastrophism

• Uniformitarianism

Multiple Choice

The idea that the same processes that shaped landforms in the past are the same processes as today. This became the favored theory of geologic change.

• Gradualism

• Catastrophism

• Uniformitarianism

Multiple Choice

The idea that landforms were shaped by very slow

changes over a long period of time, and not by natural disasters.

• Gradualism

• Catastrophism

• Uniformitarianism

Darwin and his Discoveries

Darwin studied differences in species on islands. During his time on the islands he studied species like the tortoises, armadillos, and Finches. In studying these creatures he was able to realize that species today are similar to species of the past.

Multiple Choice

What animals did Darwin study on the Galapagos island?

• Tortoises and Finches

• Cats and Dogs

• Rats and Mice

Multiple Choice

In biology, what does variation mean?

• a feature that allows an organism to be better suited to it's environment

• Differences in physical traits among individuals in a group of organisms

• a deviation of a celestial body from its mean orbit or motion.

Multiple Choice

what did Darwin conclude from the Glyptodon fossils?

• That the creatures now are related to the creatures that were there before

• That the creatures that were there are not related to the creatures of the past

Multiple Choice

What adaptations did Darwin see in the finches in the Galapagos?

• Finches with thick beaks lived in an area with large, hard shelled nuts to eat. while those with thin beaks survived in areas with small seeds

• Nothing all the finches Darwin observed were the same.

• That Finches with thick beaks were likely to be found in an area with small seeds to eat. While those with small thin beaks were in areas with big seeds

Multiple Choice

What did Darwin conclude from his observations?

• Over long periods of time, gradual geologic change or biological processes can add up to great change

• Since the beginning of time all these animals have been in the exact form that we see them in now.

Artificial and Natural Selection

Scientists have studied both Artificial and Natural selection are both used in the study of evolution. The study of these require the animal to have heritable traits. Natural selection is when species inherit beneficial traits to be better fit for their environment. Whereas, Artificial selection is when we (humans) choose the traits we deem beneficial for the species.

Multiple Choice

What is the agent that selects the wanted traits in artificial selection

• Humans

• The Environment

• The animal that changes

Multiple Choice

What is the agent that brings on change in a species in Natural selection

• The humans

• The Environment

• The animals

Multiple Choice

In biology what does heritability mean?

• Individuals of a species differ due to genetic variation.

• a feature that allows an organism to better

  survive in its environment.

• is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.

Multiple Choice

Artificial selection is...

• is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.

• The process in which humans change a species by breeding it to get certain traits

• the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Multiple Choice

In Biology the term Fitness means...

• the condition of being physically healthy.

• the quality of being suitable to fulfill a particular role

• the measure of ability for a species to survive and reproduce

Natural selection

Natural selection acts on existing variation. A species must have the variation within it to be able to survive in a new environment. Like with the rabbits, when you put them into a new environment the ones that did not have the necessary adaptations died off because they were not suited to their environment.

Multiple Choice

What is variation as Natural selection must act on existing variation.

• Heritable differences within a species.

• Organisms have more offspring than can survive.

• Some individuals have certain variations that allow

  them to survive better than other individuals in their environment.

Multiple Choice

When a species has more offspring than can survive. This is known as

• variation

• Overproduction

• adaptation

Evidence of Evolution

Evidence of Evolution in Darwin's time came from many different sources. Some of these sources come from fossil data. Now the fossil record is not complete as Fossils require specific environments to survive.

Evidence of Evolution

Another source of our knowledge comes from Biogeography. This is the study of organisms and where they are throughout the world.

embryology

Another form of evidence comes from embryology. This is the study of children in different species and their development while they are in the womb. By studying this it shows that somewhere in the past species had a common ancestor because they look very similar early on in development

Anatomy

It was found in the anatomy of beings that some have structures that used to have a purpose but do not have a purpose anymore.

These are known as vestigial structures. We were also able to study homologous structures these are structures similar in structure but may have different functions.

Analogous Structures are those that have similar functions but different origins. These are structures like wings in butterflies and birds

Multiple Choice

In class we discussed the study of the distribution of organisms around the world. This is known as

• Embryology

• Biogeography

• Archaeology

Multiple Choice

We talked about structures in organisms that used to have a function that no longer have a function in a species. The appendix is one of these. These are

• analogous structures

• homologous structures

• vestigial structures

Multiple Choice

There are structures in different species that have similar functions but are not similar in origin. What are these structures known as?

• homologous structures

• vestigial structures

• analogous structures

molecular genetics (DNA sequence analysis)

We discovered in molecular genetics that the more similar a creatures DNA is to another creature the more closely related they are to one another. This helped us find that the humpback whale is actually very closely related to the Hippo.

Multiple Choice

In the book, We discuss DNA sequence analysis. DNA sequence analysis is

• that the more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be.

• that the more related two organisms are, the less similar their DNA will be.

• The DNA is not similar in any organism as they are different species so their DNA will be completely different.