Factors Affecting Blood Flow

Factors Affecting Blood Flow and Immune System

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Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. 

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Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.

Vocab Words

• Cardiovascular Disease: conditions affecting the overall health of the human body due to factors that alter the function of components of the cardiovascular system such as the heart and blood vessels

• Cardiovascular System: heart, lungs, blood, and all blood vessels that transport nutrients and wastes throughout the body

Cardiovascular System

• Blood full of oxygen flows from the heart through

• arteries of decreasing size

  capillaries deliver oxygen to cells

  veins return oxygen-poor blood to the heart and lungs

Cardiovascular System

• Blood pressure - heart ventricle contractions create a force, or blood pressure, on arteries.

• Hypertension – high blood pressure – overworks the heart and puts stress on blood vessels

  Very low blood pressure – your cells do not get enough oxygen 

Blood Viscosity

• The thickness of blood!

• Factors that affect the thickness of blood include diabetes, and certain medications

• It increases blood pressure because your heart has to work twice as hard to get the blood through the body!

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes high blood viscosity?

• There is a high concentration of blood cells and solutes
• The blood is more thick and the heart has to pump harder
• Blood pressure goes up
• All are correct

Blood Pressure

pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. 

Normal blood pressure is 120/80

It is not considered to have blood pressure higher than the average for an extended period of time because of the stress it places on your arteries!

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes blood pressure?

•  The force applied by the heart and amount of blood pumped determine blood pressure.
•  It’s normal and healthy to have extended periods of high blood pressure.
•  Your blood pressure is higher when you sleep. 
•  Being nervous can decrease your blood pressure.
  

Resistance

Working against the heart!

Factors include:

Sitting in a position that restricts blood flow

Diseases like arteriosclerosis that builds up plaque in the arteries causing blockages and potential clots.

Multiple Choice

When an individual has high cholesterol, certain substances, such as calcium and fats, form plaque in arteries. How is this plaque, known as arterial plaque, most likely to affect blood flow?

• Arterial plaque clogs the arteries, limiting or stopping blood flow.
• Arterial plaque changes the direction of blood flow, which forces oxygenated blood to the heart.
• Arterial plaque changes the size of blood cells, which prevents blood from flowing in the arteries.
• Arterial plaque clears the arteries, increasing blood flow.

Multiple Choice

What is the most likely affect a blood clot will have on blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

• A blood clot will increase blood flow in other areas, allowing more oxygen to reach tissue in those areas.
• A blood clot will change the direction of blood flow, allowing oxygen to reach tissue in a new area.
• A blood clot will not change blood flow, allowing the same amount of oxygen to reach tissue in a certain area.
• A blood clot will block blood flow, preventing oxygen from reaching tissue in a certain area.

Arterial Elasticity!

• Arteries are flexible so that they can withstand fluctuations in pressure. Flexible arteries mean more blood flow, and decreased blood pressure and resistance.

• Hardened arteries have a harder time dealing with flucations in pressure and this can lead to decreaed blood flow and increased blood pressure

Multiple Choice

Elasticity in blood vessels allows the vessels to stretch and move based on changes in blood volume. A number of factors, including genetic disease, can cause the arteries to harden and lose their elasticity. How would the hardening of the arteries most likely affect blood flow?

• The hardening of the arteries would likely cause blood flow to remain constant.
• The hardening of the arteries would likely increase blood flow.
• The hardening of the arteries would likely cause blood flow to stop completely.
• The hardening of the arteries would likely restrict blood flow.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best describes blood flow in the human body?

• As the thickness of the blood decreases, the rate of blood flow increases.
• As the diameter of a blood vessel decreases, the rate of blood flow increases.
• As the length of a vein decreases, the resistance to blood flow decreases
• As blood pressure increases, the rate of blood flow decreases.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors decreases blood flow?

• an increase in blood pressure
• an increase in overall blood volume
• a decrease in the radius of a blood vessel
• a decrease in blood viscosity

Multiple Choice

Arteriosclerosis is a disease which clogs arteries in the human body. In arteriosclerosis, artery walls become thick. Fatty deposits build up on inner walls of arteries. This condition reduces the ability of arteries to perform their function. The diagram above shows a comparison between a healthy artery and one with arteriosclerosis. Which body function is most affected by arteriosclerosis? 

• circulating blood to tissues
• assembling amino acids into proteins
• replacing damaged cells with new cells
• breaking down food particles into molecules

Multiple Choice

A doctor prescribes a blood thinner to a patient with high blood pressure. What impact will this medication have on blood flow and viscosity?

• A doctor prescribes a blood thinner to a patient with high blood pressure. What impact will this medication have on blood flow and viscosity?
• The blood flow will decrease and the viscosity will increase.
• The blood flow will increase and the viscosity will decrease
• The blood flow will increase and the viscosity will increase.

Human Immune System

Pathogenic Agents

• Bacteria Prokaryotic free-living cells that can live inside or outside a body

• Virus non-living collection of molecules that need a host to survive

• Protist all the eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi

• Fungi multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food)

• Worms parasites

Transmission (spread) of Diseases

• Direct Contact

• Indirect Contact

• Droplet

• Airborne (dust)

• Vector borne (animals /insects)

• Common vehicle (food, equipment)

Transmission (spread) of disease

• Physical contact with a sick person or animal; insect bites

• Indirect contact (sneezes, coughs, touching contaminated surfaces)

• Eating contaminated food   or drinking water   containing pathogen

The immune system is the body’s defense system. Its function is to:

• Remove 'worn-out' cells, such as old red blood cells or tissue debris from injury or disease

• Identify and destroy abnormal or mutant cells (this is the primary defense against cancer)

• Reject 'foreign' cells, such as tissue/organ transplant 

• Reject 'foreign' cells, such as tissue/organ transplant 

The immune system responds in two different ways:

• - Non-specific immune response (also referred to as the innate immune system)

  
  

• - Specific immune response (also referred to as the adaptive immune system)

  
  

Non-Specific Responses

• Inflammation – entry of fluid  (swelling) and white blood cell  activity

• (phagocytosis)Fever – elevated temperature  slows down

• pathogens Interferons – antiviral proteins released by virus-infected cells; help healthy cells fight the virus

Specific Immune Responses

• Triggered by Antigens The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies. 

• Antibodies attach to an antigen and attract cells that will engulf and destroy the pathogen.

Remember!

B Cells produce antibodies

T cells attacks and kills infected body cells

Disease prevention and treatment

Prevention of infection

• 1. Wash hands thoroughly before touching eyes, mouth, or nose

• 2. Proper food storage and water treatment

• 3. Using hand sanitizers. alcohol and disinfectant wipes

• 4. Wearing of mask

• 5. Social Distancing

Prevention and Treatment

• Antibiotics – kill bacteria without harm to cells (no effect on viruses)

  
  

• Drugs – treat disease symptoms; give body’s immune system time to work

Vaccines

• antigens from part of a disabled pathogen or its close relative stimulate an antibody response some preventative shots contain specific antibodies

Multiple Choice

What organelle differentiate the plant cell from the animal cell ?

• ribosome

• Cell Wall

• nucleus

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics because antibiotics have been so widely used. Now, bacteria that used to be killed by antibiotics are more difficult to treat. What is the best way to proceed in dealing with this public health problem?

• Antibiotics should no longer be used.

• Antibiotics should be made available to anyone without a prescription.

• Antibiotics should only be prescribed to people with bacterial infections.

• Anti-viral medications should now be used instead of antibiotics.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes a way that a person's health can be affected by heredity?

• A person with a family history of obesity is more likely to catch a common cold.

• A person with a family history of high blood pressure is more likely to have heart disease.

• A person with a family history of obesity is less likely to enroll in a weight loss plan.

• A person with a family history of cancer is less likely to be screened for cancer.

Multiple Choice

White blood cells are an important part of the human immune response. Two types of white blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages, act as phagocytes. Phagocytes perform which of the following functions in the human body?

• They produce antibodies.

• They bind to antigens and develop into plasma cells

• They form a barrier against pathogens.

• They engulf and destroy bacteria

Multiple Choice

After an initial infection, B-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response?

• The B-cells use this recognition to defend the body against other pathogens, such as bacteria.

• The B-cells more quickly recognize and respond to any other virus that invades the body.

• The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again.

• The B-cells transfer this recognition to T-cells, which will then devour the viruses.

Multiple Choice

Many times people visit the doctor requesting antibiotics to treat colds and viral infections. How is the doctor justified in offering the patient treatment options that do not include antibiotics for these cases?

• Colds and viruses should be first treated with viral therapies and then when the body begins to recover, antibiotics can be used. Otherwise, the use of antibiotics is not effective at all.

• Side effects from antibiotics are severe when used for colds and viruses. Any use of antibiotics for colds and viruses will only make the patient more ill and ultimately make the patient's recovery time longer.

• Antibiotics can weaken the immune system when used for colds and viruses, whereas other medications are not so hard on the immune system during these types of illnesses.

• If a doctor provides an antibiotic to treat colds and viruses, any bacteria in the patient's body will be killed, but a few will survive. Those few survivors may become resistant to antibiotics needed for real bacterial illnesses.

Multiple Choice

A 3 month old baby contracts a virus called whooping cough (pertussis) after receiving the first of a sequence of 3 necessary DPT vaccines designed to prevent 3 diseases (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). The vaccines are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age to allow the body to develop specific immunity against these diseases. After the infant recovered from the disease, the doctor informed the parents that from now on the infant would only need the DT (diphtheria, tetanus) part of the vaccine. Why does the infant only need the DT vaccine?

• The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which caused the disease

• The infant had the pertussis disease and has already produced antibodies against the disease.

• The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which protected him from getting the disease.

• The infant had the pertussis disease and will get diphtheria in the future.

Multiple Choice

When we have a vaccine which of the following happens?

• lymphocytes in the body are destroyed by the vaccine

• the weakened pathogen in the vaccine causes us to become ill

• lymphocytes in the body are activated and memory lymphocytes are produced

• lymphocytes in the body quickly produce antibodies

Multiple Choice

The graph shows how the body responds by producing antibodies when it is infected by a pathogen. Suggest on which day the first infection by the pathogen was cleared from the body.

• Day 10 because antibody numbers start to rise

• Day 13 because antibody numbers stop increasing

• Day 15 because this is the middle of the primary response

• Day 18 because this is when antibody numbers start to fall