Biology EOC Reporting Category 1 Review

Biology EOC Reporting Category 1 Review

Cell Structure and Function

Molecules of Life

• B.9(A) compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

• ALL are ORGANIC = contain carbon!

Multiple Choice

A student preparing for a hike wants to pack a snack that has biomolecules that provide quickly available energy but fewer calories. Which nutrition label lists the best combination of biomolecules that quickly provide energy while providing the fewest calories from other types of biomolecules?

Multiple Choice

Transmembrane proteins span the width of cell membranes. Four types of transmembrane proteins are shown in a section of a cell membrane.

Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all-

• stop chemical reactions within the cell

• synthesize molecules that signal other cells

• help the cell interact with it's external environment

• remove large waste particles from the cytoplasm of the cell

Cellular Complexity

• B.4(A) compare and contrast prokaryotic

  and eukaryotic cells

Cell Theory

• ALL living things are made up of 1 or more cells

• New cells come from existing cells

• Cells are the smallest unit of living things

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Pro = NO nucleus, NO membrane bound organelles

• Eu = DO have a nucleus, DO have membrane bound organelles

• BOTH have cell membrane, ribosomes, genetic material, and cytoplasm

Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Animals - nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole, cytoplasm

• Plants - All of the above, but also have a cell wall, chloroplast, large contractile vacuole

Multiple Choice

Both Euglena and Cyanobacteria are unicellular photosynthetic organisms found in pond water. The feature that distinguishes Euglena from Cyanobacteria is the-

• ability to maintain homeostasis

• presence of ribosomes

• ability to reproduce

• presence of a nuclear membrane

Cell Transport

• B.4(B) investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules

Cellular Transport

• Homeostasis = constant balance

• Cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell

• Active Transport = ATP (energy) required; LOW to HIGH

• Passive Transport = NO ATP (energy) required; HIGH to LOW

Passive Transport

• NO energy required!!

• HIGH to LOW concentrations

• Diffusion

• Facilitated Diffusion

• Osmosis = movement of water

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows cellular activity across a cell membrane.

Which two processes does this diagram most directly model?

• energy conversions and synthesis of new molecules

• synthesis of new molecules and homeostasis

• transport of molecules and energy conversions

• homeostasis and transport of molecules

Osmosis

• Hypotonic solution = LOW solute, HIGH water

• Isotonic solution = EQUAL solute and water

• Hypertonic = HIGH solute, LOW water

• Water always moves to the HYPER!

Multiple Choice

The picture shows a contractile vacuole of a unicellular freshwater organism. The contractile vacuole regulates the flow of water into and out of the cell in an aquatic environment.

What conditions would cause the vacuole to fill with water?

• the concentration of water is greater outside the cell than inside the cell

• the temperature of the water in the vacuole is higher than the temperature of it's environment

• the concentration of water inside the cell is the same as the concentration outside of the cell

• the temperature of the water inside the vacuole is lower than the temperature of it's environment

Multiple Choice

Some students used vinegar to dissolve away the shells of three eggs and used these eggs as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in these eggs when they were placed in different solutions.

Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?

• the cell membrane is an impermeable barrier that prevents water from entering the cell

• the cell membrane allows solutes to enter the cell, which causes the cell to shrink

• the cell membrane allows water to enter and leave the cell

• the cell membrane removes solutes from the environment

Active Transport

• Requires ATP = ENERGY!!

• LOW to HIGH concentration

• Active Transport - Protein Pumps

• Endocytosis

• Exocytosis

Multiple Choice

The cellular process known as the sodium-potassium pump was discovered in 1950's by Jens Christian Skou, a Danish scientist. This process is a form of active transport that moves three sodium ions to the outside of the cell for every two potassium ions that it moves to the inside of the cell. Which of these best explains why energy is needed for active transport?

• ions are negatively charged

• ions are attached to large proteins

• ions are trapped inside the plasma membrane

• ions are moved against the concentration gradient

Viruses

• B.4(C) compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza

What is a virus?

• Viruses are non-living particles that contain genetic material enclosed in a capsid with surface proteins

• Require a host to reproduce

• Pathogen = disease causing

Lytic Cycle = QUICK (Days to a few weeks)

Lysogenic Cycle = LONG (weeks to years)

Multiple Choice

Viruses can be transmitted through air, water, food, insect bites, and direct skin contact. Once a virus gains entry to the body, it invades the host cell in order to-

• deactivate the host cell's defenses

• synthesize antibodies for defense

• metabolize host proteins and grow

• access cellular processes for replication

Multiple Choice

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness caused by a coronavirus. Symptoms include high fever, headaches, and body aches typically occur two to seven days after infection by the virus. This information suggests that the reproduction cycle of the SARS virus is-

• lysogenic, because the virus is a coronavirus

• lytic, because the virus causes respiratory illness

• lysogenic, primarily because the virus affects older people

• lytic, because of the quick onset of symptoms after infection

Organism Growth and Cell Differentiation

• B.5(A) describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

• B.5(B) describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental factors in cell differentiation

• B.5(C) recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer

Cell Cycle

• Somatic (body cells) divide by Mitosis for growth, repair, reproduction, and/or differentiation

• Cell cycle is highly regulated for cell growth and differentiation

Multiple Choice

Artherosclerosis is a disease that obstructs blood flow, and, therefore, oxygen supply to target organs. A main component of atherosclerosis is the excessive reproduction of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. Certain drugs may have the potential to reverse or prevent the unregulated reproduction of the diseased blood-vessel cells. Which of these processes is most likely the target of these drugs?

• cell division

• erythroblast differentiation

• DNA transcription

• Cellular respiration

Cell Cycle Phases

• Interphase = cell growth, DNA replication, preparation for mitosis

• Mitosis = division of the nucleus

• Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm

• Cancer = unregulated cell growth and division

S Phase - DNA Replication

• The process of making an EXACT copy of DNA

• 3 enzymes: Helicase, Polymerase, Ligase

• Base pair rule: A-T, G-C

Multiple Choice

Checkpoints occur between the stages of the cell cycle. If a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of the stage, it will not move to the next stage.

Which of these occurs just before the cell enters the G2 phase?

• the nuclear membrane disintegrates

• DNA replicates

• centrioles form

• the nucleolus divides

Mitosis

• Prophase - nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes form

• Metaphase - homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

• Anaphase - spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

• Telophase - two new nuclei begin to form and the cell elongates

Multiple Choice

The karyotype, or chromosomal profile, for humans is shown. A karyotype can be used to investigate genetic disorders.

The chemical colchicine is used in the production of karyotypes. Colchicine prevents spindle fibers from forming during the cell cycle. What is a result of preventing spindle fibers from forming?

• the cell cycle skips G0 phase and repeats G1 phase

• Mitotic division is skipped and the cell proceeds to cytokinesis

• Mitotic division stops in metaphase and cannot proceed to anaphase

• the cell cycle skips S phase and proceeds to G2 phase

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows how specialized body cells can develop.

Which of the following best explains why cells that contain the same genetic material do not develop into the same type of cells?

• Because internal or external stimuli can trigger the activation of specific genes in the DNA of the cells

• Because random mutations can occur in the DNA of cells during embryonic development

• Because messenger RNA is converted to transfer RNA when cell differentiation begins

• Because chemical signals that are released during the cell cycle can result in the linking of similar genes