6th partial review

6th partial review

Multiple Select

DNA is composed of these three basic components...

• 4 bases

• Sugar (ribose)

• Phosphate group

• Sugar (deoxyribose)

• Amino acids

DNA structure

• DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid

• It has three main components; A phosphate group, a Deoxyribose sugar and 4 bases (Thymine, Adenine, Guanine Cytosine)

• Two strands of DNA pair to create the double helix.

Multiple Choice

What are the base pairing rules?

• Thymine-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine

• Thymine-Gunanine; Adenine-Cytosine

• Thymine-Cytosine: Adenine-Guanine

Base pairing rules

• The two strands of DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases.

• Adenine always pairs with Thymine

• Guanine always pairs with Cytosine

• In RNA Adenine pairs with Uracil

Multiple Choice

What are genes?

• The complete DNA of an organism

• A molecule that does everything a cell needs to survive

• A set of instructions to create a protein

• A trait that is inherited

Genes

• Genes are parts of the DNA that have instructions to create proteins.

• A protein is a molecule made of amino acids that does everything a cell needs.

• All the Genes of an organism is called a Genome

Multiple Choice

What happens during transcription?

• The DNA polymerase creates a copy of the DNA

• The ribosome creates a protein by reading the mRNA molecule

• The cell creates a clone of itself

• The RNA polymerase reads the DNA and forms an mRNA molecule

Transcription

• A protein called RNA polymerase binds to DNA

• It separates both strands and reads them 

• It forms a molecule of mRNA (messenger RNA)  by combining complementary bases

Multiple Choice

What happens during translation?

• The DNA polymerase creates a copy of the DNA

• The ribosome creates a protein by reading the mRNA molecule

• The cell creates a clone of itself

• The RNA polymerase reads the DNA and forms an mRNA molecule

Translation

• The mRNA enters a ribosome

• The ribosome reads each codon (group of three bases).

• A tRNA with a matching set of bases (anticodon) attaches and releases a amino acid

• The ribosome takes the amino acids and creates a strand, forming a protein

Multiple Choice

The process of creating a copy of the DNA is called...

• DNA replication

• DNA synthesis

• DNA recombination

• DNA

DNA replication

• Helicase opens the double helix

• Small portions of RNA (called primers) attach to both strands

• DNA polymerase creates two new strands, using the existing strands as templates

• One strand is created continiously (leading) while the other is created in sections

Mitosis

• Type of cell division where two identical cells are created

• DNA is replicated and packed in chromatids

• Sister chromatids (identical) pair, creating chromosomes

• Each new cell gets a copy of the DNA

Multiple Choice

Select the correct order in which Mitosis happens

• Cytokinesis, Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase

• Anaphase, Metaphase, Cytokinesis, Prophase, MEtaphase

• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Stages of Mitosis

• Prophase; Nucleus disappears, chromosomes form

• Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell

• Anaphase: Microtubules rip sister chromatids apart

• Telophase: Two nuclei form and the chromosomes unwind

• Cytokinesis: The rest of the cytoplasm divides.

Multiple Choice

The term Homologous chromosomes refers to...

• Two copies of the same chromosome from the same individual

• Two versions of the same chromosome, one from each parent

Meiosis

• A type of cell division that creates four unique cells

• Homologous chromosomes (different versions of the same chromosome) pair

• Homologous chromosomes recombine (exchange DNA) and are separated

• Each cell ends up with half the DNA

Multiple Choice

Meiosis is divided into two stages

• True

• False

Stages of Meiosis

• Meiosis is divided into to parts, Meiosis 1 & 2, each with four stages

• In Meiosis 1 Homologous chromosomes recombine and are separated

• In Meiosis 2 Sister chromatids (copies of the same Chromosome) are separated

Multiple Choice

What is a Phenotype?

• The alleles present in an individual

• The different versions of a gene

• The observable traits of an individual

• A recessive characteristic

Heredity

• How specific traits are passed from generation to generation

• Alleles: Different versions of the same gene (one form the father and one form the mother)

• Genotype: The alleles present in an organism

• Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism

• Dominant alleles: Are expressed wheneve they are present.

• Recessive alleles: are expressed in the phenotype when a dominant allele is not present.

Multiple Choice

What is the probability of having a Heterozygous from this cross

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

• 100%

Punnett squares

• Dominant alleles are Capital letters, recessive are lower case letters

• Each square equals 25% of probability of having a genotype

• Heterozygous: Has one dominant gene and one recessive (Aa)

• Homozygous Dominant: Has two dominant alleles (AA)

• Homozygous recessive: has two recessive alleles (aa)

Multiple Select

Which females present the trait?

• I2

• II3

• II5

• III3

• III4

Pedigrees

• Charts presenting how a trait is passed between generations

• Squares= males, circles= females

• Colored figures mean the individual has the trait

• Generations have roman numerals, individuals have numbers