Second Industrial Revolution - Rise of Industry

Second Industrial Revolution

The Rise of Industry

​Chapter 3 Lesson 1

​Essential Question

​How did the United States become an industrialized society after the Civil War?

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​It Matters Because,

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American business and industry grew rapidly after the end of the Civil War.

Industrialization changed the way people lived and worked.

​Vocabulary

​gross national product

the total value of goods and services produced by a country during a year

resources

materials used in the production process, such as money, people, land, wood, or steel

entrepreneur

one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise

laissez-faire

a policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

practice

to do something repeatedly so it becomes the standard

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​Natural Resources

​Abundant raw materials aided the nation’s industrial success. The United States had vast natural resources, including timber, coal, iron, and copper. 

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​This allowed American companies to obtain resources cheaply without importing them from other countries. 

Many of these resources were located in the American West. Western settlement helped accelerate industrialization, as did the transcontinental railroad. 

Railroads took settlers and miners to the West and carried resources back to the East.

​New Inventions

​New inventions and technology were also important to industrialization. New technology increased the nation’s productivity and improved transportation and communication. 

New inventions also resulted in new industries, which in turn produced more wealth and jobs.

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Electric Power

​Perhaps the leading pioneer in new technology was Thomas Alva Edison.

​A great innovator, Edison and his company worked tirelessly to invent new products and to improve products invented by others.

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Multiple Choice

What inventor created the phonograph, the light bulb, motion pictures, and several electric companies?

• Alexander Graham Bell

• Thomas Alva Edison

• George Westinghouse

• Gustavus Swift

​Innovation Improves Standard of Living

​In ways big and small, technology improved the standard of living. Shortly after the Civil War

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Thaddeus Lowe invented an ice-making machine—enabling people to obtain low-cost ice year round for ice boxes that kept food fresh.

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​A few years later, in the early 1870s, Gustavus Swift hired an engineer to develop a refrigerated railroad car. Swift shipped the first refrigerated load of fresh meat in 1877.

​Pace of Innovation Continued....

​ In 1873, Christopher Scholes invented the typewriter.

In 1886, Josephine Cochrane developed the automatic dishwasher.

In 1888, George Eastman patented the first handheld camera—the Kodak camera.

In 1893, Frank and Charles Duryea built the first gasoline-powered carriage.

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Power-driven sewing machines and cloth cutters rapidly moved the clothing business from small tailor shops to large factories.

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Large factories began using new processes and inventions to mass-produce shoes efficiently and inexpensively and could pass those savings on to their customers in the form of lower prices.

​The Wright Brothers: W. Wright (1867–1912) O. Wright (1871–1948)

​Inventors of the first engine-powered aircraft, the Wright brothers are practically synonymous with flight. Wilbur Wright was born in Indiana, in 1867; his brother Orville arrived four years later, after the Wright family moved to Dayton, Ohio. The brothers started their careers as owners of a print shop, Wright & Wright Job Printers. In 1892 they put their adeptness with vehicles to use when they opened a shop where they sold—and eventually built—bicycles. The bicycle shop provided Wilbur and Orville with the funds they needed to pursue the project that would make them famous.

Multiple Choice

How did Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone contribute to growing industrialization?

• He founded the Bell Telephone Company.

• His assistant, Watson, became a communications tycoon.

• His invention revolutionized communication between businesses and individuals.

• He invested heavily in new technologies that fueled business.

​Free Enterprise

​Another important reason the United States industrialized rapidly was the nation’s free enterprise system.

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​In the late 1800s, the profit motive attracted many people of high ability and ambition into business.

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Entrepreneurs—people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business—believed they could make money in manufacturing and transportation

​The Benefits of Laissez-Faire

​Part of what attracted entrepreneurs to invest in American businesses was society’s and government’s support in principle for the idea of laissez-faire (leh•say•FAYR), a French phrase meaning “let people do as they choose.

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​Supporters of laissez-faire believe that the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace.

Supporters believe a free market with competing companies leads to greater efficiency and creates more wealth for everyone.

Multiple Choice

What ideal of the free enterprise system wanted the government to remain out of economic affairs?

• laissez-faire

• interregulation

• supply and demand

• commercial advancement

​The Government's Relationship to Business

​In many ways, the United States practiced laissez-faire economics in the late 1800s. State and federal governments kept taxes and spending low. They did not impose costly regulations on industry or try to control wages and prices. In the late 1800s, the United States was also one of the largest free trade areas in the world.

​Protectionism - Political Cartoons

​These two political cartoons address tariffs and protectionism in the United States in the late 1800s.The cartoon on the left depicts a flood of European goods damaging the demand for products made at American factories. The cartoon on the right shows a shopper being pulled between paying extra money to trusts (monopolies) to buy domestic goods and extra money (duties) to buy foreign goods.

Multiple Choice

People who risk their own capital to organize and run a business are called

• capital investors

• robber barons

• industrialists

• entrepreneurs

Multiple Choice

What role did railroads play in industrialization?

• There were many laws in place that helped merchants profit from the railroads.

• Railroad tycoons used their money for many charitable causes.

• They expanded markets for industrial products by making it easier for Western settlers to purchased them.

• Railroads used coal, which was mined in the West.

Multiple Choice

Gustavus Swift's introduction of the __________ changed the American diet.

• refrigerated railroad car

• automatic loom

• battery

• electric generator

Multiple Choice

How did the discovery of minerals in America fuel industrialization?

• American companies could acquire natural resources more cheaply.

• The U.S. government could now regulate the mining of natural resources.

• New states, created by an influx of prospectors

• Minerals could be exported to other countries at a high profit

Multiple Choice

The total value of all goods and services that a country produces is called its

• total economic indicator.

• gross national product.

• industrial index.

• national income.

Open Ended

What invention from this period has had the most impact on your daily life?

Open Ended

Why was the United States successful at industrialization?