Revision Class 7 - Lucky Dip

Revision Class 7

Lucky Dip

Past exam questions ​

Less that 50% of students answered correctly​

​Each question will be followed by one or two explanation slides.

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?

• The hippocampus is the last area of the brain to be affected.

• It initially affects short-term memory more than long-term memory.

• It is caused by an increase in the level of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

• It involves neurofibrillary tangles, a build-up of abnormal protein outside the neurons in the brain.

​Alzheimer's disease

• tangles - inside the neurons

• ​plaques - build-up of abnormal proteins outside the neurons

• example of a neurodegenerative disease

• ​only fully diagnose by an autopsy.

• ​hippocampus - first area affected

• LINK - What is the role of the hippocampus?

• consolidate/encode STM to explicit long term memories.

• works with the amygdala to store and retrieval of emotional memories (note hippocampus/amygdala never store memory)

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following statements about memory is correct?

• The duration of short-term memory can be increased by chunking.

• The average number of items that can be held in short-term memory is five.

• The greatest number of items that can be held in short-term memory is nine.

• Short-term memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory.

​STM

• ​Duration: 18-30 seconds without rehearsal

• ​Duration: increase by maintenance rehearsal; i.e., information in STM stays longer than 30 secs if maintenance rehearsal used.

• ​LINK - What is maintenance rehearsal? repeating over and over

• ​Capacity: 7 plus/minus 2 bits of information; range 5 -9

• ​Capacity: increased by chunking

• ​LINK - What is chunking? the process by which the mind divides large pieces of information into smaller units (chunks) that are easier to retain in short-term memory.

• 0402884660 (10 bits) 0402 884 660 (3 bits)

Multiple Choice

Alex was waiting at the hairdresser’s for his appointment. As time passed, Alex considered the traffic conditions outside and whether he would get home in time to watch his favourite TV show, noticed the peculiar smell in the salon, and wondered whether he would have time for a run later on.

Alex’s state of consciousness could best be described as

• focused awareness

• normal waking consciousness

• an induced altered state of consciousness

• a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness

​NWC vs ASC

NWC - ​the state of consciousness when a person is awake and aware of internal and external stimuli.

​ASC - the state of consciousness when a person has different level of awareness and psychological characteristics as compared to NWC.

​L

​L

​C

​P

​E

​S

​T

Open Ended

What psychological characteristics does LCCPEST help us remember?

e.g.,S = self control

ASC - the state of consciousness when a person has different level of awareness and psychological characteristics as compared to NWC.

​

​L - level of awareness

​L - level of processing: controlled vs automatic processing (selective attention required and divided attention possible respectively)

​C - content limitations NWC - limited; ASC - usually less limited

​P - perceptual and cognitive distortions

​E - emotional awareness

​S - self control

​T - time orientation

​Alcohol induced

​Sleep

​Sleep

​Daydreaming

​Alcohol induced

​Sleep

​Sleep deprived

​Alcohol induced

​Sleep

​Sleep deprived

​No sleep 17 hours - BAC of 0.05%

​No sleep 24 hours - BAC OF 0.10%

​A = affective B = behavioural C= cognition

amplified emotions reduced speed and accuracy reduced concentration

Multiple Choice

For Little Albert to develop a classically conditioned emotional response, the

• neutral stimulus must elicit an unconscious response

• conditioned stimulus must be an unpleasant stimulus

• response to the unconditioned stimulus must be learnt

• unconditioned response must be an involantary response

​Conscious vs unconscious responses

Conscious responses - ​voluntary movements - CNS (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral NS (somatic NS branch) involved. e.g., kicking a soccer ball, waving your hand.

​Unconscious responses - involuntary movements (includes reflexive responses) - and controlled by peripheral NS (autonomic branch) e.g., fear response, salivating

​Special unconscious response - spinal reflex response - brain initially not involved - sensory neuron --> spine --> interneuron --> motor neuron --> muscle e.g., instant hand withdrawal

​Classical conditioning

• TYPE OF RESPONSE unconscious or involuntary responses like reflexes or emotions e.g., salivating, eye blinking, fear response, crying

• ​ROLE OF LEARNER is passive

• ​TYPE OF LEARNING is simple as brain not involved

Multiple Choice

When the body is required to respond to a stressor over an

extended period of time, which of the following physiological responses

is likely to occur?

• The body’s capacity to cope mentally will be decreased.

• Stress hormones will be secreted

• The immune system will be strengthened

• The body’s capacity to respond to the stressor will be enhanced

​Adrenaline

Cortisol

​

​

Cortisol

​

Multiple Choice

In terms of operant conditioning, the relief experienced by Mary’s mother when Mary stops kicking and screaming after receiving a lollipop is an example of

• punishment

• response cost

• reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

​Take away

something

unpleasant

​Add

something

pleasant

​Add

something

unpleasant (aversive)

​Take away

something

pleasant

​

​Increase likelihood of behaviour occurring

​Response cost

​Decrease likelihood of behaviour occurring

​Punishment

​Mother

​A = antecedent --> Mary kicking and

​ screaming

​B = behaviour --> Mother gives Mary

​ lollipop

​C = consequence --> Negative reinforcement​

Negative reinforcement - Mother feels relief as something unpleasant (kicking and screaming) is taken way; will increase the behaviour of giving Mary a lollipop when same antecedent occurs.

Multiple Choice

You are most likely to experience eustress when you are

experiencing a stressful situation that is

•  harmful

• harmless

•  irrelevant

• challenging

​Types of stress

Eustress - form of stress characterised by a positive psychological state.

​Distress - form of stress characterised by a negative psychological state.

​

​Both are types of stress and have the same physiological stress response (FFF) and therefore can both follow GAS.

Multiple Choice

In classical conditioning, an organism develops an association between the

• conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

• neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus

• neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

• neutral stimulus and the unconditioned response.

​Association made between NS (CS) and UCS.