Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bonding

​Are you familiar with these substances?

​Their formation is due to covalent bonding; thus, they are called covalent compounds.

​OBJECTIVES:

​1. Determine the covalent compounds that may form from the given nonmetal atoms.

​2. Formulate the names of the covalent compounds.

​3. Identify the household items that are covalent compounds or are composed of covalent compounds due to their observed properties.

FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

1) The two atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons to obtain the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas, producing molecular covalent compounds.

​

​Hydrogen's configuration is 1s¹. S orbital has a maximum number of valence electrons.

​For the atoms to become stable, they should have a completely filled last main energy level.

Multiple Choice

How many electron/s is/are needed for the hydrogen atom to have a completely-filled last energy level?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

How many electrons are needed by oxygen atom to have 8 valence electrons?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

​Sharing instead of Transferring

Nonmetals share electrons instead of pulling electrons because they have relatively small electronegativity differences and have similar affinities to electrons.

Multiple Choice

What kind of covalent bond is formed between the two hydrogen atoms?

• single covalent bond

• double covalent bond

• triple covalent bond

Multiple Choice

How many electrons can be shared by oxygen atom?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

What kind of covalent bond is formed between the two oxygen atoms?

• single covalent bond

• double covalent bond

• triple covalent bond

Multiple Choice

How many electrons can be shared by a nitrogen atom?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

What kind of covalent bond is formed between the two nitrogen atoms?

• single covalent bond

• double covalent bond

• triple covalent bond

MOLECULAR FORMULA ​OF SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS

​

​MOLECULAR FORMULA

​The Octet Rule is important in predicting the chemical formula of simple binary covalent molecular compounds.

​STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

​Step 1: Predict how many atoms of each element are needed to form a molecule of the compound.

​Each needs one more electron to have a completely filled last main energy level.

​STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

​Step 2. Illustrate the LEDS of each atom.

​STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

​Step 3. Pair up the unpaired electron of the two atoms.

​STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

​Step 4. Connect the two dots. If there are two pairs of dots connected, it is double covalent bond and if there are three pairs of dots connected, the bond is triple covalent bond.

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical formula of the covalent compound that can be formed from nitrogen and hydrogen atom?

• NH₂

• NH₃

• H₃N

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical formula of the covalent compound that can be formed from oxygen and fluorine atom?

• F₂O

• OF₂

• FOF

NAMING SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS

​

NAMING SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS

​Step 1: Write the name of the first element in the chemical formula.

​​ Examples:

​1) CO - carbon

​2) N₂O₅ - nitrogen

​3) SF₆ - sulfur

NAMING SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS

​Step 2: Give the root name of the 2nd element and end it with -ide.

​​ Examples:

​1) CO - carbon oxide

​2) N₂O₅ - nitrogen oxide

​3) SF₆ - sulfur fluoride

NAMING SIMPLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS

​Step 3: Use Gk prefixes to indicate the no. of atoms of each element.

​​ Examples:

​1) CO - carbon monoxide

​2) N₂O₅ - nitrogen pentoxide

​3) SF₆ - sulfur hexafluoride

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the compound at the left side?

• carbon chloride

• chloride carbon

• carbon tetrachloride

• carbon pentachloride

​Properties of Covalent Compounds

• ​Noncondutors of electricity

• ​low melting and boiling points

• ​Soft