LAST CHANCE Biology SOL Review!!!

LAST CHANCE Biology SOL Review!!!

By Desiree' Perkins

Hypothesis vs Theory vs Law

• Hypothesis - a testable prediction, may be right or wrong

• Theory - an explanation that has already been tested many times and supported by evidence

• Law - a description of a phenomenon; usually a formula

Multiple Choice

Before a scientific theory is accepted and supported, it has

• been tested by only one scientist.

• been published in scientific journals.

• been tested many times by different scientists.

• been approved by the International Committee of Scientists.

Multiple Choice

In chemistry, the equation pV=nRT is used to describe the relationship between volume, pressure, temperature, and molarity. It is an example of a -

• Hypothesis

• Inference

• Law

• Theory

Independent vs Dependent Variable

• Independent Variable - what you change or test; your treatment

• Dependent Variable - what you measure; your data

• How does [IV] effect [DV]?

• If I [change the IV] then [DV will change]

Multiple Choice

Molly investigated if the age of students caused them to be better drivers. What is the independent variable?

• Type of car

• Skill of driving

• Age of student

• Years of experience

Multiple Choice

A student is planning an experiment to find out how the height from which he drops a ball affects how high the ball bounces. The dependent variable is the _____.

• Diameter of the ball

• Force acting on the ball

• Height that the ball bounces

• Height from which the ball is dropped

Experimental vs Control Group

• Experimental Group(s) - receive the independent variable (treatment); are being tested

• Control Group - receive NO treatment or are left unchanged; used for comparison

• Look for words like "normal", "plain", "zero", or "none" for the control group

• NOT having a control group is a common error in experimental design

Multiple Choice

Eiko is doing an experiment to determine the best fertilization plan for bean plants.

She will test four groups of four plants using this schedule.

Which group is the control group?

• Group A

• Group B

• Group C

• Group D

Multiple Choice

The data show the growth of two bean plants over several weeks using four different fertilizers. The experimental data would be more valid if which of the following variables was included in the experiment?

• A control without fertilizer was included for each plant.

• The plants were grown at variable temperatures.

• Only one plant was tested.

• A fifth fertilizer was tested.

Properties of Water

Water is...

• POLAR - able to dissolve other polar and ionic substances

• COHESIVE - sticks together to form drops

• ADHESIVE - sticks to other surfaces

• Capable of climbing up plant stems or straws (capillary action) due to cohesion and adhesion!

• Able to dissolve and carry nutrients​

Multiple Choice

Why does water move from the roots to the leaves of plants?

• Water is pushed by solutes

• Capillary action pulls the water molecules like a chain

• Water is pulled by gravity

• Water’s surface tension causes it to “pull” towards the leaves

Multiple Choice

The water inside a cell is capable of transporting nutrients throughout the cell because -

• the non-cohesive properties of water allows nutrients to move freely

• the pH of pure water in a cell is 3

• hydrogen bonding creates a non-adhesive characteristic of water

• the polarity of water dissolves substances

Enzymes are Proteins and Biological CATALYSTS

• Catalysts - speed up reactions

• They lower the activation energy (cost) of reactions

• Enzymes have specific shapes

• Enzymes have optimal (ideal) temperature and pH ranges

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are _______________ that _____________________ chemical reactions by ____________ the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction.

• carbohydrates, slow down, lowering

• proteins, speed up, increasing

• lipids, speed up, lowering

• proteins, speed up, lowering

Multiple Choice

What is the optimal pH for this enzyme?

• 6

• 10

• 9

• 7

Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

• Prokaryotes - cells that have NO nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

• Eukaryotes - cells that DO have a a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• REMEMBER - Pro No, Eu Do (NUcleus)

Multiple Choice

The main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is...

• Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• Eukaryotes are smaller and simpler than prokaryotes

• Eukaryotes have a cell wall and prokaryotes have a cell membrane

• Prokaryotes do not have DNA

Multiple Choice

A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane -bound organelle .

• Prokaryote

• Eukaryote

• Nucleus

• Single-celled organism

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• ​Photosynthesis MAKES glucose to store light energy

• Cellular Respiration BREAKS glucose to release ATP energy

• Water goes with CO₂, Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) goes with O₂

• Forms a CYCLE with photosynthesis - the PRODUCTS of one become the REACTANTS of the other!

Multiple Choice

In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?

• Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.

• Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.

• Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.

• Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.

Multiple Choice

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are related because...

• They both make glucose

• They both require oxygen

• The products of one reaction are the reactants of the other reaction

• They both make carbon dioxide

Osmosis

• Type of passive transport

  • Does NOT use energy

  • Moves from H->L concentration​

• Movement of WATER

• Water moves from where there is more water to where there is less

Multiple Choice

Osmosis is the diffusion of _____ across a selectively permeable membrane.

• food

• air

• water

• oxygen

Multiple Choice

When the number of water molecules outside of the cell is greater than inside the cell, which will most likely occur?

• Molecules of water will NOT MOVE either way.

• Molecules of water will move OUT of the cell.

• Molecules of water will move INTO the cell.

• Molecules of water will EVAPORATE.

Mitosis vs Meiosis

• Mitosis - form two identical diploid cells, makes new somatic (body) cells, used for growth and healing

• Meiosis - forms four genetically different haploid cells, makes new gametes (sex cells), used for sexual reproduction

• BOTH are types of cell division

Multiple Choice

Mitosis forms

• 4 identical daughter cells

• 2 identical daughter cells

• 4 different daughter cells

• 2 different daughter cells

Multiple Choice

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in male mammals results in the formation of

• one haploid gamete

• three diploid gametes

• four diploid gametes

• four haploid gametes

Homozygous Dominant vs Heterozygous vs Homozygous Recessive

• Homozygous Dominant - two dominant alleles (AA); has the dominant trait

• Heterozygous - two DIFFERENT alleles (Aa); has the DOMINANT trait

• Homozygous Recessive - two recessive alleles (aa); has the recessive trait

Multiple Choice

Recessive traits require how many copies of the recessive allele to appear?

• 0

• 1

• 2

• 4

Multiple Choice

In dogs, black fur is dominant to brown. A dog that is Bb would have...

• Black fur

• Brown fur

• Brown fur with black spots

• Black fur with brown spots

Archaea and Eubacteria are BOTH unicellular prokaryotes

• ​Eubacteria are "true bacteria"

  • Fix Nitrogen (store in soil)

  • Decomposers​

  • Peptidoglycan cell walls

• Archaea are still sometimes called Archaebacteria but they are NOT true bacteria

  • Live in EXTREME environments

  • ​Cell walls with NO peptidoglycan

Multiple Choice

Students research unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that live in harsh environments such as volcanic hot sprints, brine pools, and anaerobic black organic mud. Which of these groups are the students most likely researching?

• Protista

• Plantae

• Eubacteria

• Archaea

Multiple Choice

What is one difference between domains Bacteria and Archaea?

• Archaea contain a cell wall with no peptidoglycan

• Archaea are composed of prokaryotic cells

• Bacteria are unicellular in body types

• Bacteria are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

​Domain Eukarya:

Fungi and Plants

​

​Fungi

• Decomposers

• Heterotrophic because they absorb nutrients

• Chitin cell walls​

​Plants

• Photoautotrophic - make their food using photosynthesis

• Cellulose cell walls​

Multiple Choice

A biologist has just discovered a new life form. The newly described organism is multicellular, does not carry out photosynthesis, and absorbs nutrients from the environment. It is composed of eukaryotic cells with cell walls. In which kingdom would the organism be classified?

• Animal

• Eubacteria

• Fungi

• Plant

Multiple Choice

What characteristic do most adult fungi and plants share?

• They both are producers

• They both have cells with cell walls

• They both reproduce through binary fission

• They both have multiple nuclei in each cell

​Domain Eukarya:

Protists and Animals

​

​Protists

• Mostly unicellular and aquatic

• Can be autotrophic AND/OR heterotrophic

  • Some even use photosynthesis​

  ​Includes paramecium, amoeba, and euglena

​Animals

• Multicellular​

• Heterotrophic - we gotta eat!

• NO CELL WALLS

Multiple Choice

Where are you most likely to find protists?

• On your kitchen counter

• In a lake or pond

• In a volcano

• In a desert

Multiple Choice

Kingdom Animalia is the ONLY kingdom in which ALL of its organisms -

• contain eukaryotic cells

• have no cell walls

• are heterotrophic

• reproduce sexually

Virus Facts

• NOT made of cells

• DO contain genetic material (DNA and/or RNA), which is surrounded by a protein coat

• Require a host (living cell to infect) to reproduce

• CANNOT be treated with antibiotics

• May be prevented by vaccines

Multiple Choice

Which statement regarding viruses is true?

• A virus can only reproduce inside of a living host cell

• Viruses can be treated with antibiotics

• Viruses are unicellular

• Viruses do not contain DNA or RNA

Multiple Choice

What do viruses have in common with living cells? They both...

• store genetic information

• have chloroplasts

• use glucose for cellular respiration

• have endoplasmic reticulum

IN GENERAL, the more similar two species are...

• The more closely related they are

• The more recently they shared a common ancestor

• The more similar their classification will be (share more taxa)

Multiple Choice

A fossil of an extinct dinosaur is found and the anatomy of the fossil shows similarities to that of a bird. What could this mean?

• This is purely by chance and isn't significant

• The extinct dinosaur and modern bird share a common ancestor

• All dinosaurs evolved into birds and that's why there aren't any dinosaurs alive today

• Dinosaurs chose to fly, and evolved into birds to escape predation and capture food

Multiple Choice

The skulls below belong to different animals. Which skull belongs to the animal that is probably unrelated to the other three?

Fossil dating tells us how long ago species lived and/or evolved

• Relative dating looks at rock layers - the deeper the fossil the older it is

• Absolute dating measures radioactive isotopes (like Carbon-14) to determine an exact age

• Absolute dating is MORE accurate

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a correct statement about the shown geologic column?

• The largest quantity of fossils are found in layer two of the geologic column

• Fossils found in layer one are older than fossils found in layers three and four

• Layer four includes the youngest fossils of either of the entire geologic column

• Fossils found in layer three are younger than layer four but older than layer one

Multiple Choice

Which best helps scientists determine the age of fossils?

• Physical traits

• Genetic makeup

• Reproductive strategy

• Radioactive isotopes

Homologous structures indicate shared common ancestry

• These are body parts that have similar structures but may have different functions

• The more similar, the more closely related!

• Example: whale flippers and bat wings both have "finger bones"

Multiple Choice

Look at the homologous structures. The animal structures shown in the figure indicate that the five organisms -

• use their limbs to run

• reproduce sexually

• develop in a similar amount of time

• have a similar origin

Multiple Choice

Which two structures are homologous?

• Butterfly wing and bird wing

• Cat leg and a human arm

• Lizard leg and grasshopper leg

• Whale flipper and fish fin

Similar embryonic development indicates shared common ancestry

• Organisms that look very similar at the early embryo stages likely evolved from a common ancestor

• The more similar, the more closely related!

Multiple Choice

Based on the embryological data, which two species would be considered the most closely related?

• 1 and 2

• 1 and 4

• 2 and 4

• 2 and 3

Multiple Choice

Both fish and humans develop gill pouches during an early stage of development as embryos. Fish embryos continually develop their gill pouches while human embryos refine the gill pouches into the structures for the head and neck. What does this similar feature through embryo development suggest about these two organisms?

• Human embryos have the capability to develop into fish.

• Fish do not have any similar embryo development stages

• Both humans and fish develop into invertebrates

• Both humans and fish have a common ancestor

Similar molecular biology indicates shared common ancestry

• Organisms with similar DNA or amino acid sequences likely shared a common ancestor

• The more similar, the more closely related!

• DNA evidence is the MOST accurate

Multiple Choice

According to this data, the unknown bacterial species is most closely related to:

• Species I

• Species II

• Species III

• Species IV

Multiple Choice

What does the presence of similar genes in organisms that have different physical structures imply?

• The organisms share a common ancestor

• The organisms do not share a common ancestor

• The organisms must be the same species

• The DNA sequences must be completely different

Cladograms show evolutionary relationships

• The closer together two species are, the more closely they are related

• Where the lines for two species meet is where they share a common ancestor

• The closest meeting point is the most recent common ancestor

Multiple Choice

What number is the most recent common ancestor of C and D

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

On the cladogram, which organism is the closest relative of the human?

• Parrot

• Shark

• Hare

• Frog

Density Dependent vs Independent Limiting Factors

• Density-Dependent Factors - effect the size of a population differently depending on its size and density; includes resources, space, disease, and parasites

• Density-Independent Factors - their effect DOES NOT depend on population size; includes weather, natural disasters, and human activity

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?

• natural disaster

• predation

• disease

• parasitism

Multiple Choice

What would NOT be an example of a density dependent factor?

• Predation

• Parasitism

• The average rainfall of a region

• Communicable Disease

Producer vs Consumer vs Decomposer

• Producer - makes its own food; plants; algae; phytoplankton; most use photosynthesis

• Consumer - has to eat; animals

  • 1st is primary, 2nd is secondary, etc...​

• Decomposer - breaks down dead organisms and absorb their nutrients; fungi, many bacteria

• THINK: Producer->Plant->Photosynthesis

Multiple Choice

In this food web, the seaweed is an example of a...

• producer

• consumer

• herbivore

• omnivore

Multiple Choice

Refer to the food web shown in the figure. Which organism is correctly classified as a primary consumer?

• Grasses

• Frog

• Snake

• Grasshopper

Primary vs Secondary Succession

• Primary Succession - starts from bare rock; NO SOIL present; lichen and moss are common pioneer species

• Secondary Succession - starts WITH SOIL; grasses are common pioneer species

• REMEMBER - Secondary HAS Soil

Multiple Choice

Primary succession usually begins with what pioneer species?

• lichens and mosses

• grasses

• small plants

• insects

Multiple Choice

What is an example of an area that is likely to undergo primary succession?

• Glaciers melt and leave exposed rock

• Plants die from drought and decompose

• Land is bulldozed and soil remains

• A forest partially destroyed by a forest fire.

Carbon vs Nitrogen Cycles

• Both carbon and nitrogen are needed by living things to build cell structures

• The major steps in the carbon cycle are photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion

• The carbon cycle also cycles oxygen

• The major steps in the nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification

• Bacteria play a major role in the nitrogen cycle by converting to a form useable by plants (fixation)

Multiple Choice

Identify the cycle pictured.

• The Water cycle

• The Carbon cycle

• The Nitrogen cycle

• The Phosphorus cycle

Multiple Choice

What converts nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants and animals?

• bacteria

• rain

• fungi

• car exhaust