The Molecules of Life

The Molecules of Life

Macromolecules

Monomers join together to form polymers

Macromolecules

4 Major Categories of Organic Macromolecules:

• Used as a quick energy source

• Often end in -ose

• Mainly sugars and starches​

• Made up of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio​

• Examples: Glucose, Cellulose, Fructose, Lactose​

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Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide: "one sugar"

• Glucose​

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Monomer:

Carbohydrates

Disaccharide= 2 monosaccharides joined together

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Polysaccharide= many monosaccharides joined together.​

• ​Forms complex carbohydrates like starches and glycogen

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Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

What elements are present in glucose?

• P, Ag, Si

• C, H, O

• H, N, S, C

• OH, CH2

Multiple Choice

A ______________ is a smaller part of a polymer. 

• micromer
• macromer
• minimer
• monomer

Multiple Choice

Sugar or starch that living things use for energy. 

• protein
• carbohydrate
• lipids
• nucleic acids

• Used as a long term or stored energy source

• ​Made up of C, H, and O, but not in a specific ratio

• Not soluble in H2O

• Examples: Oils, Fats, and Waxes​

Lipids

• Structure

• No "true" monomer, but mainly made up of 2 parts:

  • Glycerol

  • Fatty Acids ​

Lipids

​Monomer:

• Main component of cell membranes

• Insulation for certain types of animals

• Hormones-chemical messengers in the body​

Lipids

Functions

Multiple Choice

What is the function of lipids?

• store genetic information
• store energy (long-term)
• store energy (short-term)
• build skin, hair, nails, muscles

​Widely variable functions and Complex Structure

• Enzymes-catalyze chemical reactions

• ​Building muscle

• Component of hair, nails, and skin

• Examples: Collagen, Elastin, Hemoglobin​

Proteins

Amino Acid

• 20 different amino acids

• Amino acids join forming polypeptides​

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Monomer:

Proteins

Collagen:

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Hemoglobin:

Proteins

Enzymes:

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Proteins

• ​Biological Catalysts

• Speed up chemical reactions in organisms

• ​Vital for life

Multiple Choice

A biological substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.

• sugar
• enzyme
• cellulose
• lipid

Multiple Choice

Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks (monomers) of _____.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

• ​Make up DNA and RNA found in all living organisms.

• Function to store and transmit genetic or hereditary information​

Nucleic Acids

• ​Monomer: Nucleotide

• Composed of C, H, O, N, and P​

  • Phosphate

  • Sugar

  • Nitrogen Base​

Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

A large molecule made up of amino acids that is often plentiful in meat.

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Information molecules that provide directions to make proteins. Most important DNA & RNA 

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Multiple Choice

The element _______is found in all of the organic compounds.

• Iron
• Nitrogen
• Carbon
• Oxygen

Multiple Choice

Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ______.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

What is the function of proteins?

• store genetic information
• store energy (long-term)
• store energy (short-term)
• build skin, hair, nails, muscles

Multiple Choice

What is the function of carbohydrates?

• store genetic information
• store energy (long-term)
• store energy (short-term)
• build skin, hair, nails, muscles

Multiple Choice

What are enzymes used for? 

• speed up chemical reactions 
• store energy 
• fight off infections 
• structural support for cell walls of plants 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an organic compound?

• C₆H₁₂O₆
• H₂O
• CH₄
• C₂H₄O₂

Multiple Choice

What are the 4 most abundant elements in living things?

• hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
• hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon
• carbon, manganese, iron, hydrogen