Understanding the writter's purpose and attitude

Understanding the writer's purpose and attitude

By อตินุช เวียงคำ

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AUTHOR’S PURPOSE  Author’s purpose ก็คือ จุดประสงค์ของผู้เขียนงานที่เราอ่านอยู่ ซึ่งงานเขียนแต่ละชิ้นนั้น ผู้เขียนก็ย่อมมีจุดประสงค์ในการเขียนแตกต่างกัน Author’s purposeประเภททั่วๆไปได้ 3 ประเภท เรียกง่ายๆ ว่า "PIE" ได้แก่ 1.Persuade หรือการเขียนเพื่อชักจูงให้ผู้อ่านคล้อยตาม เช่น งานเขียนโฆษณาสินค้า, คำขวัญ หรือ งานเขียนบทวิจารณ์ต่างๆ เป็นต้น 2.Inform หรือ การให้ข้อมูล เป็นการเขียนให้ข้อมูลแก่ผู้อ่าน การเขียนในลักษณะนี้ก็ได้แก่ งานเขียนจำพวก หนังสือเรียน หรือ ตำราต่างๆ คู่มือต่างๆ เช่น คู่มือท่องเที่ยว ฉลากสินค้า เป็นต้น 3.Entertain หรือ การเขียนเพื่อให้ความบันเทิง เช่น งานเขียนจำพวกเรื่องสั้น เรื่องตลก นิยาย หรือ เรื่องเกล็ดเล็กเกล็ดน้อย เป็นต้น

​***Specific purposes***

นอกจากจุดประสงค์ของผู้เขียนประเภททั่วๆไป 3 ข้อข้างต้นแล้ว ก็ยังมี Author’s purpose ประเภทที่เจาะจงมากขึ้นอีกอย่างเช่น

1. การเขียนเพื่อวิจารณ์ (Criticize) เช่น บทความวิจารณ์ภาพยนตร์

2. การเขียนเพื่อทำนายอะไรบ้างอย่าง (Predict) เช่น การเขียนทำนายผลกีฬา

3. การเขียนวิเคราะห์ (Analyze) เช่น บทวิเคราะห์ทีมฟุตบอล

4. การเขียนอธิบาย (Explain) เช่น การเขียนอธิบายเรื่องทางวิทยาศาสตร์

5. การเขียนเพื่อเปรียบเทียบ (Compare) เช่น การเขียนเปรียบเทียบระหว่าง I phone กับ Samsung Galaxy

6. การเขียนรายงาน (Report) เช่น รายงานผลประกอบการประจำปี

7. การโฆษณา (Advertise) เช่น การเขียนเพื่อโฆษณาสินค้า

8. การเขียนเพื่อแสดงความไม่เห็นด้วย หรือ ต้องการโต้แย้งในเรื่องใดเรื่องหนึ่ง (Disagree / Argue)

9. การเขียนเพื่อแนะนำในเรื่องใดเรื่องหนึ่ง (Suggest / Recommend)

​Watch VDO for getting more understand

​Time to Practice

Multiple Choice

What is the author purpose?

“Buy It Because It’s a the Better Car”

From: The Old Ford’s Advertisement for Model T

• Pursuade

• Inform

• Entertain

•  

  Specific

Multiple Choice

What is the author purpose?

“20 free things to do in Sydney

You don’t need a fat wallet to enjoy the glamour and chic of Sydney. These 20 attractions, activities and icons won’t cost you a cent

1. Take the Bondi to Coogee Walk

One of the most spectacular walks and coastlines you could hope to see this route takes in some of Sydney’s most iconic beaches. In late spring check out the free Sculpture by the Sea.”

By: Sarah Gilbert, 2013 from: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/australia/travel-tips-and-articles/77780

• Pursuade

• Inform

• Entertain

•  

  Specific

Multiple Choice

What is the author purpose?

This house is shabby but it is a special place for our family.

• Pursuade

• Inform

• Entertain

•  

  Specific

Writer's attitude= Tone

คือการใช้คำและสไตล์การเขียนเพื่อถ่ายทอดทัศนคติของผู้เขียนที่มีต่อเรื่องราว โดย Tone เป็นได้ทั้งแบบทางการ ไม่เป็นทางการ จริงจัง ตลก เสียดสี เศร้า ร่าเริง หรืออาจเป็นทัศนคติอื่นๆ ก็ได้ ซึ่ง Adjective (คำคุณศัพท์) และ Adverb (คำกริยาวิเศษณ์) ทุกคำที่ใช้ โครงสร้างประโยค และสำนวนอุปมาอุปไมยที่ใช้จะแสดงออกมาเป็น Tone ของผู้เขียน พูดง่ายๆ ว่า Tone คือทัศนคติของผู้เขียนที่ถ่ายทอดออกมาเป็นบรรยากาศของเรื่อง ซึ่งเราจะได้พบเจอหรือใช้ Tone ได้ทั้งในการพูดในชีวิตประจำวัน รวมถึงในงานเขียน งานประพันธ์ต่างๆ

​Getting More understanding

Tone นั้นอาจจะมีทั้งในด้านบวก(positive), ด้านลบ(negative) หรือ ที่เป็นกลางๆ(nutral)ก็ได้

Tone of the Passage สามารถถูกอธิบายได้ด้วย Adjective ต่างๆ เช่น

- Cheerful (มีความสุข)

- Sympathetic (เห็นใจ)

- Angry (โกรธ)

- Positive (แง่บวก)

- Negative (แง่ลบ)

- Personal (ส่วนตัว)

- Serious (จริงจัง)

- Sarcastic (เสียดสี)

​Type of tone

สรุป TONE คือ อารมณ์ น้ำเสียง ความรู้สึก ทัศนคติ ของผู้เขียน/พูด ต่อหัวข้อหนึ่ง

คนหนึ่ง หรือสิ่งของสิ่งหนึ่ง

​

จุดสังเกตในการหา Tone จากงานเขียน

1. Tone = ผู้เขียน

2. Tone ของผู้เขียน = บรรยากาศของเรื่อง

3. Tone ไม่ได้อธิบายหรือแสดงออกโดยตรง

4. ผู้อ่านต้อง ‘อ่านระหว่างบรรทัด’ เพื่อจะได้รู้สึกถึงทัศนคติของผู้เขียนและระบุ Tone

Test yourselves

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

Multiple Choice

The poet's main purpose is to ....................

The wood was gone. What stayed there still was a yellow, shaved-off, bald-headed hill.The sun came out like fiery flames that burned up Gramps' little dried-out fields.The rain fell slick-slack-slick-slack-slick, it furrows and rows and dikes.The fields are ruined, the land cracks and creaks. The water flower down Ranny's cheeks.

• share his experience about flooding.

• tell the public to beware of soli ersosion.

• persuade people to take better care of their fields.

• inform the reader of the result of forest destruction.

Multiple Choice

The tone of this poem is ...................

The wood was gone. What stayed there still was a yellow, shaved-off, bald-headed hill.The sun came out like fiery flames that burned up Gramps' little dried-out fields.The rain fell slick-slack-slick-slack-slick, it furrows and rows and dikes.The fields are ruined, the land cracks and creaks. The water flower down Ranny's cheeks.

• ironic

• serious

• fanciful

• exaggerated

Multiple Choice

The tone of this passage is .............................

A young hoatzin knows how to get away fast. The hoatzin (WHAT-seen) is a bird of tropical South America. It builds its nest directly over streams and other bodies of water. When a hoatzin chick is threatened in its nest by another animal, such as a monkey, it dives into the water and swims away. It often makes its escape by swimming underwater. To get back home, the chick uses something that few other birds have : wing claws. Digging in with the two claws it has on each wing- along with its bill and its feet - the chick climbs a tree. It usually doesn't return to its nest, but finds a perch nearby. Its parents will visit it there and feed it. When the hoatzin chick is about 10-15 weeks old. It begins to learn to fly.

• informative

• doubtful

• tragic

• philosophical

Multiple Choice

That television set in your home can baby-sit your growing children. It can also silence them forever. The Consumers Association of Penang (CAP) gave this warning in a study on how violence on television could affect children. CAP said it was promoted to make the study when in January this year, the press came out with reports of for small Malasian children who died within a week's span trying to imitate Ralh , the flying superman-like character in the popular television series "The Greatest American Hero".Of the total viewing time, violence is shown plenty of times in a variety of forms. It may range from psychological violence like shouting which evokes fear, threats like "I like blow your head off" and cursing, to actual buildings. Cheating and blackmailing are also considered violent because they ruin the personality or the selfesteem of the victim. Consequently, Malaysian children (mostly below 10 years of age) are becoming confused as to the difference between reality and fantasy. The author feels that TV is ....................for Malaysian children.

• mostly good

• mostly bad

• neither good nor bad

• both good and bad

Multiple Choice

Witchdoctors and psychiatrists perform essentially the same function in their respective cultures. They are both therapists ; both treat patients, using similar techniques ; and both get similar results. Recognition of this should not downgrade psychiatrists - rather it should upgrade witchdoctors.The term "witchdoctors" is Western in origin, imposed on healers of the Third World by 18th and 19th century explorers. The world was simpler then, and the newly discovered cultures were quickly assigned their proper status in the Order of Things. We were white, they were black. We were civilized, they were primitive. We were Christian, they were pagan. We used science, they used magic. We had doctors, they had witchdoctors.Americans psychiatrists have much to learn from therapists in other cultures. What I learned from these doctor-healers was that I, as a psychiatrist, was using the same mechanisms for curing my patients as they were- and, not syurprisingly, I was getting about the same results.What kind of results do therapists in other cultures-witchdoctors- achieve? A Canadian psychiatrist, Dr. Raymond Prince, spent 17 months studying 46 Nigerian witchdoctors, and judged that the results were about equal to those obstained in North American clinics and hospitals.It would appear, then, that psychiatrists have much to learn from witchdoctors. We can see the components of our own therapy system in relief. We can learn why we are effective - or not effective. And we can learn to be less arrogant about our own therapy and more tolerant of others. If we can learn all this from witchdoctors, then we will have learned much.

What is not the author's belief?

• Witchdoctors are uncivilized.

• Psychiatrists are arrogant.

• Witchdoctors are therapists.

• Psychiatrists are intolerant.

Multiple Choice

Witchdoctors and psychiatrists perform essentially the same function in their respective cultures. They are both therapists ; both treat patients, using similar techniques ; and both get similar results. Recognition of this should not downgrade psychiatrists - rather it should upgrade witchdoctors.The term "witchdoctors" is Western in origin, imposed on healers of the Third World by 18th and 19th century explorers. The world was simpler then, and the newly discovered cultures were quickly assigned their proper status in the Order of Things. We were white, they were black. We were civilized, they were primitive. We were Christian, they were pagan. We used science, they used magic. We had doctors, they had witchdoctors.Americans psychiatrists have much to learn from therapists in other cultures. What I learned from these doctor-healers was that I, as a psychiatrist, was using the same mechanisms for curing my patients as they were- and, not syurprisingly, I was getting about the same results.What kind of results do therapists in other cultures-witchdoctors- achieve? A Canadian psychiatrist, Dr. Raymond Prince, spent 17 months studying 46 Nigerian witchdoctors, and judged that the results were about equal to those obstained in North American clinics and hospitals.It would appear, then, that psychiatrists have much to learn from witchdoctors. We can see the components of our own therapy system in relief. We can learn why we are effective - or not effective. And we can learn to be less arrogant about our own therapy and more tolerant of others. If we can learn all this from witchdoctors, then we will have learned much.

From reading the passage, we may conclude that the author is ..................

• a sympathetic person

• a narrow-minded person

• a reasonable person

• a well-organized person

Multiple Choice

Witchdoctors and psychiatrists perform essentially the same function in their respective cultures. They are both therapists ; both treat patients, using similar techniques ; and both get similar results. Recognition of this should not downgrade psychiatrists - rather it should upgrade witchdoctors.The term "witchdoctors" is Western in origin, imposed on healers of the Third World by 18th and 19th century explorers. The world was simpler then, and the newly discovered cultures were quickly assigned their proper status in the Order of Things. We were white, they were black. We were civilized, they were primitive. We were Christian, they were pagan. We used science, they used magic. We had doctors, they had witchdoctors.Americans psychiatrists have much to learn from therapists in other cultures. What I learned from these doctor-healers was that I, as a psychiatrist, was using the same mechanisms for curing my patients as they were- and, not syurprisingly, I was getting about the same results.What kind of results do therapists in other cultures-witchdoctors- achieve? A Canadian psychiatrist, Dr. Raymond Prince, spent 17 months studying 46 Nigerian witchdoctors, and judged that the results were about equal to those obstained in North American clinics and hospitals.It would appear, then, that psychiatrists have much to learn from witchdoctors. We can see the components of our own therapy system in relief. We can learn why we are effective - or not effective. And we can learn to be less arrogant about our own therapy and more tolerant of others. If we can learn all this from witchdoctors, then we will have learned much.

What is the attitude of the author towards witchdoctors?

• He acknowledges the witchdoctors' capability.

• He condemns the witchdoctors' treatment of patients.

• He is doubtful of psychiatrists' techniques of therapy.

• He has a very high admiration for the healing process of the witchdctors.

Multiple Choice

Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged bird.Hold fast to dreamsFow when dreams goLife is a barren field.Frozen with snow.

The poet's main purpose is to .......................

• give the best definition of dreams

• help people have perfect lives

• tell readers to have hopeful lives

• comapre a broken-winged bird with snow

Multiple Choice

Phuket town is the largest urban territory. The government House, built a century ago, was used as a setting in the movie "The Killing Fields". The Central market bustles from early morning to noon. The original Chartered Bank is the oldest in Thailand and still has a colonial look. One can climb the hill which gives the island its name (Bukit is the Malay word for hill). An outdoor Thai restaurant here give charming vistas of the city.Near Phuket Town is the Butterfly Garden and Aquarium. The latter is especially colourful. Khao Phra Thaeo National Park is still virgin jungle.There are two museums, one in Phukey town,the other in Talang, the latter with some excellent maps and inexplicably, a large collection of artifacts from Mollucas.There are around 30 Buddhist temples on the island. Among the most interesting is Wat Chalong, with its gift statues of two revered monks; Wat Phra Thong with its half-buried Buddha statue ; What Phra Nang Sang has three thousand-year Buddha heads, as well as some fascinating allegorical frescos. There are also several Islamic Mosques, since about half the population is Muslim. The purpose of this writing is ........................

• to show how big Phuket is. to show how religious Phuket people are. to describe the palces of interest in Phuket. to describe Phuket's beautiful scenery.

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  to show how big Phuket is. to show how religious Phuket people are. to describe the palces of interest in Phuket. to describe Phuket's beautiful scenery.

  back to purpose page

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

  to show how big Phuket is. to show how religious Phuket people are. to describe the palces of interest in Phuket. to describe Phuket's beautiful scenery.

  back to purpose page

   

   

   

   

   

   to show how big Phuket is.

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

    

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

    

   

   

   

   

   

   

• to show how big Phuket is. to show how religious Phuket people are. to describe the palces of interest in Phuket. to describe Phuket's beautiful scenery.

  back to purpose page

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   to show how religious Phuket people are.

   

   

   

   

   

   

• to describe the palces of interest in Phuket.

• to describe Phuket's beautiful scenery.

Multiple Choice

That television set in your home can baby-sit your growing children. It can also silence them forever. The Consumers Association of Penang (CAP) gave this warning in a study on how violence on television could affect children. CAP said it was promoted to make the study when in January this year, the press came out with reports of for small Malasian children who died within a week's span trying to imitate Ralh , the flying superman-like character in the popular television series "The Greatest American Hero".Of the total viewing time, violence is shown plenty of times in a variety of forms. It may range from psychological violence like shouting which evokes fear, threats like "I like blow your head off" and cursing, to actual buildings. Cheating and blackmailing are also considered violent because they ruin the personality or the selfesteem of the victim. Consequently, Malaysian children (mostly below 10 years of age) are becoming confused as to the difference between reality and fantasy. The author's main purpose is to ...................

• discuss both the benefits and the drawbacks of television.

• argue that it is disadvantageous for children to watch television

• discuss various forms of violence shown on television.

• explain how violence on television affected Malasian children.

Multiple Choice

What's the writer's tone?

In countries like the United States, Australia and West Germany, for example, a bery great part of the energy we use is consumed in family households and private cars. In less developed countries such as India, this is not so much the case. The more advanced coutnries are, the more ones are using the world's energy resources at the greatest rate. They are also the countries that will suffer the greatest effects when world supplies of oil, for example, run out , so energy conservation becomes important for every households.

• constructive

• ironic

• optimistic

• pessimistic

Multiple Choice

What's the writer's attitude?

 If the family is indeed the basic unit of civilized society, then one thing can be done every mother and father must try to be a moral person in the traditional sense of the world. Every parent must practice and teach morality within the family. If they do, America won't go down the drain. If they don't, America will have lost its heart and soul.

• sarcastic

• deep concern

• optimistic

• pessimistic

​Do exercise

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Check your understanding

​............THE END............