Biology Keystone Review B

Multiple Choice

Which statement BEST describes the phase of the cell cycle shown?

• The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.

• The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.

• The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.

• The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.

Multiple Choice

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which plant and animal cells divide.  Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

• Meiosis is a multi-step process.

• Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.

• Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.

• Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Open Ended

Identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.

Open Ended

Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis.

Open Ended

Compare the effects of a disorder caused by chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis, such as Patau Syndrome, to the effects of chromosomes failing to separate during mitosis.

Multiple Choice

Which event MOST LIKELY occurs next in mitosis?

• The chromatin condenses.

• The nuclear envelope dissolves.

• The chromosomes double in number.

• The cell membrane pinches inward to divide the cytoplasm.

Multiple Choice

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide.  Which statement BEST describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

• Meiosis is a multi-step process.

• Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.

• Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.

• Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Multiple Choice

What process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

• The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil.

• Nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules.

• Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds.

• The synthesis or unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide.

Multiple Choice

In a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color.  What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species?

• A red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes.

• Red and white alleles present on one chromosome.

• Red and white alleles present on two chromosomes.

• A red allele present on both homologous chromosomes.

Multiple Choice

Blood type in inherited through multiple alleles, including I^A, I^B, and i. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are the possible phenotypes of the mother?

• Phenotypes O or A

• Phenotypes A or AB

• Phenotypes A, B, or AB

• Phenotypes O, A, B, or AB

Open Ended

What cross would produce only roan offspring?

Open Ended

Explain how a roan calf results from one white- and one red-coated parent. In your explanation, use letters to represent genes. Be sure to indicate what colors the letters represent.

Open Ended

Predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring produced from two roan cattle.

Multiple Choice

Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated by the diagram?

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Inversion

• Translocation

Multiple Choice

A scientist observes that a certain trait is determined by a single allele. An organism inherited one version of the trait from the other parent. Both versions of the trait are expressed in the phenotype of the offspring. Which pattern of inheritance BEST classifies the observed trait?

• Dominance

• Sex-linkage

• Co-dominance

• Incomplete dominance

Multiple Choice

Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

• Both cell types carry out transcription in the nucleus.

• Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation.

• Both cell types assemble amino acids to carry out transcription.

• Both cell types carry out translation in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Multiple Choice

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell, and it is often classified as rough or smooth, depending on whether there are ribosomes on its surface. Which statement BEST describes the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?

• It stores all proteins for later use.

• It provides an attachment site for larger organelles.

• It aids in the production of membrane and secretory proteins.

• It stores amino acids required for the production of all proteins.

Multiple Choice

The bacterium Acetobacter aceti is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm. For this reason, most of its proteins are able to function in acidic conditions. This property distinguishes Acetobacter aceti proteins from those of most other organisms. Which characteristic does Acetobacter aceti MOST LIKELY share with other organisms?

• The method that the other organism uses to reproduce itself.

• The physical and chemical responses to environmental changes.

• The type of organlle used to produce energy for cellular functions.

• The process used to form proteins by transcription and translation.

Multiple Choice

A genetic mutation resulted in the change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement BEST describes the genetic mutation?

• It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism.

• It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism.

• It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism.

• It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism.

Multiple Choice

A mutation occurs at the midpoint of a gene, altering all amino acids encoded after the point of mutation. Which mutation could have produced this change?

• Deletion of two nucleotides

• Deletion of three nucleotides

• Insertion of six nucleotides

• Insertion of two nucleotides

Multiple Choice

Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would MOST LIKELY be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants?

• Unplanned ecosystem interactions

• Reduced pesticide and herbicide use

• Improved agricultural yield and profit

• Increased genetic variation and diversity

Multiple Choice

In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the species do not mate with each other. What MOST LIKELY prevents these two species from interbreeding?

• Habitat isolation

• Gametic isolation

• Geographic isolation

• Reproductive isolation

Multiple Choice

A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation?

• A change in the selection pressures acting on coat color.

• A change in the coat-color genes of deer predator species.

• An increase in coat-color diversity in the population.

• An increase in the number of genes for coat color in the population.

Multiple Choice

The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a structure that was most present in their common ancestor. What has MOST LIKELY caused the variation in forelimbs?

• Changes in muscle structure

• Changes in the genetic code

• Trait formation due to behaviors

• Development of vestigial structures

Open Ended

Based on the data, describe a possible evolutionary relationship between rats, mice, and cows. Recall from the table that mice have 101 bases that are different from a rat, and cows have 136 bases that are different from a rat.

Open Ended

Describe how different organisms having a common gene such as COII supports the theory of evolution.

Open Ended

The COII gene of a monkey has 203 base differences from the same gene in a rat and 201 base differences from the same gene in a mouse. Compare the evolutionary relationships between the monkey, the rat, and the mouse.

Multiple Choice

The frequency of an allele in a fly population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events MOST LIKELY occurred during the same time period?

• An environmental change and a fly population increase

• An environmental change and a fly population decrease

• Interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation

• Interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population species

Multiple Choice

A group of students measured a ten-square meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis?

• The frogs living in the pond represent a population.

• Water is an abiotic factor in the pond ecosystem.

• If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier.

• If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into water.

Multiple Choice

A student wrote several observations in a field notebook. Which term BEST classifies all of the student's observations?

Observations: 2 grey wolves, 5 moose, several species of conifer trees, large granite rock, shallow pond

• Population

• Food chain

• Ecosystem

• Community

Multiple Choice

A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factor is the researcher MOST LIKELY describing?

• Biotic factors in a forest

• Biotic factors in a tundra

• Abiotic factors in a prairie

• Abiotic factors in an ocean

Multiple Choice

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of energy between organisms in the marine food web?

• From seals to penguins to krill

• From whales to krill to small fish

• From sea birds to seals to penguins

• From small fish to penguins to seals

Multiple Choice

A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fish. Which BEST describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle.

• Predation

• Symbiosis

• Parasitism

• Competition

Multiple Choice

Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere?

• Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

• Decomposers directly convert ammonium into nitrogen gas.

• Plants assimilate nitrites and convert them into nitrogen gas.

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

Multiple Choice

Agricultural runoff can carry fertilizers into lakes and streams. This runoff can cause algae populations to greatly increase. Which effect does this change in the the algae population sizes MOST LIKELY have on affected lakes and streams?

• An increase in water level

• An increase in clarity

• A reduction in dissolved oxygen needed by fish and shellfish

• A reduction in temperature variations near the water's surface

Multiple Choice

A farmer observed that an increase in a field's soil nitrogen content was followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this observation MOST LIKELY indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the field?

• Nitrogen was a biotic factor

• Nitrogen was a limiting factor

• Nitrogen became a surplus resource

• Nitrogen became a selection pressure

Open Ended

Describe one limiting factor for the moose population.

Open Ended

Explain one likely reason why the wolf population rapidly increased between 1975 and 1980.

Open Ended

Predict what will happen to the moose population's size after 1994 by describing the shape of the curve.

Multiple Choice

Scientists observed that the populations of top-level consumers in a particular ecosystem were rapidly decreasing. Further studies revealed that there was also a decline in producer productivity. Which other changes did the scientists MOST LIKELY observe in the ecosystem?

• Increased producer diversity

• Decreased population size at all levels

• Decreased primary consumer populations only

• Increased primary and secondary consumer diversity