Digestive system

Multiple Choice

During nervous control of gastric secretion, the gastric glands secrete before food enters the stomach. This stimulus to the glands comes from:

• parasympathetic impulses over the vagus nerve.

• motor impulses from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

• gastrin.

• occurs in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.

• impulses over somatic nerves from the hypothalamus.

Multiple Choice

Melena is:

• black, tarry stools.

• bloody vomitus.

• gaseous bowel distention

• blood in the stool.

• loss of appetite.

Multiple Choice

A 14-year-old boy has been admitted to the emergency room with acute-onset abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant. Abdominal rebound tenderness is intense, and he has a fever and leukocytosis. This individual most likely is suffering from:

• acute appendicitis

• diverticulitis.

• ulcerative colitis

• cholelithiasis

• cholecystitis.

Multiple Choice

In malabsorption syndrome, flatulence and abdominal distention are likely caused by:

• undigested lactose fermentation by bacteria.

• protein deficiency and electrolyte  imbalance

• fat irritating the bowel.

• >impaired absorption of amino acids and accompanying edema.

• all of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

Duodenal ulcers:

• all of the above are correct

• may cause inflammation and scar tissue formation around the sphincter of Oddi.

• are associated with sepsis.

• occur four times more often in females than in males.

• may be complicated by hemorrhage.

Multiple Choice

Which is not an example of mechanical digestion?

• all of the above are correct

• peristalsis and mastication

• churning and mixing of food in the stomach

• chewing

• conversion of protein molecules into amino acids

Multiple Choice

The chief role played by the pancreas in digestion is to:

• assist in absorbing the digested foods.

• churn the food and bring it into contact with digestive enzymes.

• secrete insulin and glucagon

• secrete enzymes, which digest food in the small intestine.

Multiple Choice

An obstruction of the common bile duct would cause blockage of bile coming from:

• all of the above are correct

• the pancreatic duct but not from the gallbladder

• the liver but not from the gallbladder.

• the gallbladder.

• both the liver and the gallbladder

Multiple Choice

The human adult liver does not:

• all of the above are correct

• produce blood coagulation proteins.

• convert ammonia to urea.

• produce erythrocytes

• store glycogen.

Multiple Choice

Beginning at the lumen of the tube, the sequence of layers of the gastrointestinal tract is:

• serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa.

• submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis.

• submucosa, mucosa, muscularis, skeletal muscle

• submucosa, mucosa, muscularis, skeletal muscle

• All of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

Normally, when chyme leaves the stomach:

• All of the above are correct.

• its pH is neutral.

• the nutrients are ready for absorption into the blood.

• the proteins have been partly digested into polypeptides.

• the amount of inorganic salts has been increased by the action of hydrochloric acid.

Multiple Choice

Which layer of the small intestine includes microvilli?

• serosa

• submucosa

• mucosa

• muscularis

• all of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

Pancreatic juice is to trypsin as gastric juice is to:

• all of the above are correct

• pepsin.

• intrinsic factor.

• salivary amylase.

• mucin.

Multiple Choice

Which part of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus?

• pyloric sphincter

• jejunum

• cardiac sphincter

• duodenum

• common bile duct

Multiple Choice

The pancreas:

• is classified as a digestive exocrine gland and does not have endocrine functions.

• is a gland with its duct ultimately opening into the duodenum.

• lies mostly on the left side of the abdominal cavity, anterior to the stomach and the spleen.

• secretes all of its products directly into the bloodstream.

• contains cells with endocrine function for the determination of secondary sex characteristics.

Multiple Choice

The digestive functions performed by the saliva and salivary amylase, respectively, are:

• all of the above are correct

• peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion

• deglutition and fat digestion.

• lubrication and carbohydrate digestion.

• moistening and protein digestion.

Multiple Choice

The muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract is:

• skeletal muscle throughout the tract, particularly in the esophagus and large intestine.

• composed of circular fibers and longitudinal fibers.

• the layer that contains the blood capillaries for the entire wall of the tract.

• composed principally of keratinized epithelium.

• all of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

In pancreatitis:

• the tissue damage likely results from release of pancreatic enzymes

• high cholesterol intake is causative.

• that is chronic, diabetes is uncommon.

• bacterial infection is the etiologic cause.

• all of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

Symptoms of cholelithiasis include all of the following except:

• nausea and vomiting.

• right upper quadrant tenderness

• jaundice

• decreased serum bilirubin levels.

• abdominal distress.

Multiple Choice

Which most often causes biliary cirrhosis?

• malnutrition

• alcoholism

• hepatitis A or C

• biliary obstruction

• autoimmunity

   

Multiple Choice

Which viral hepatitis is not associated with a chronic state or a carrier state?

• hepatitis D

• serum hepatitis

• hepatitis B

• hepatitis С

• hepatitis A

Multiple Choice

Hepatic encephalopathy is manifested by:

• cerebral dysfunction

• ascites.

• splenomegaly.

• dark urine

• oliguria.

Multiple Choice

The most common manifestation of portal hypertension is:

• intestinal bleeding.

• cirrhosis.

• vomiting of blood from esophageal bleeding.

• rectal bleeding

• duodenal bleeding

Multiple Choice

Among the structural features of the small intestine are villi, microvilli, and circular folds. Their function is to:

• liberate hormones

• all of the above are correct

• increase the surface area for absorption.

• liberate digestive enzymes.

• promote peristalsis.

Multiple Choice

The fate of carbohydrates in the small intestine is:

• conversion to glycerol and fatty acids.

• digestion to monosaccharides.

• conversion to simple sugars by the activity of trypsin.

• hydrolysis to amino acids.

• all of the above are correct

Multiple Choice

The absorptive fate of the end products of digestion may be summarized by which of the following?

• Amino acids and fatty acids are absorbed into lymph capillaries; glycerol and glucose are absorbed into blood capillaries.

• all of the above are correct.

• Most fatty acids are absorbed into the blood; glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system.

• Fatty acids are absorbed into blood capillaries; glycerol, glucose, and amino acids are absorbed into lymph.

• Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed into blood capillaries; most fatty acids are absorbed into lymph.