Reporting

Nouns

Let's talk about nouns​

Nouns are words that represent people, places, or things. Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word. That word is called a "noun." You might find it useful to think of a noun as a "naming word."

What are nouns?

Often, nouns name things we can touch (e.g., "lion," "cake," "computer"), but sometimes they name things we cannot touch (e.g., "bravery," "mile," "joy").

Examples of noun

A proper noun is the given name of a person, place, or thing. It's likely to be a personal name or a title.

Proper Noun.

A common noun is the word for a person, place, or thing. It's the word that appears in the dictionary.

Common Noun.

Common Nouns & Proper Nouns

Concrete nouns are things you can see or touch.

Concrete Nouns

Abstract nouns are things you cannot see or touch.

Abstract Nouns

Different types of noun

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​Collective Nouns

​Collective nouns are words that denote groups.

​Compound Nouns​

​Compound nouns are nouns made up of more than one word.

A countable noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form

​​Countable Nouns

A non-countable noun is a noun without a plural form

​​Non-Countable Nouns

​Gender-Specific Nouns

​Gender-specific nouns are nouns that are definitely male or female.

​Gerunds

​Gerunds are nouns that end "-ing" and that represent actions. Gerunds have verb-like properties.

​Verbal Nouns

​Verbal nouns are nouns derived from verbs. (Verbal nouns have no verb-like properties.)

Pronouns

Now, let's talk about pronouns

​Pronouns

​Pronouns are words that replace nouns. I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are all examples of common pronouns.

​The Antecedent of a Pronoun

​The antecedent of a pronoun is the noun, noun phrase, or noun clause being replaced by the pronoun.

Different Types of Pronoun

Pronoun Type		Examples
1	Personal pronouns	I, you, he, she, it, we, they
2	Possessive pronouns	mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
3	Relative pronouns	which, who, that
4	Demonstrative pronouns	this, that, these, those
5	Emphatic pronouns	myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves
6	Reflexive pronouns	myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves
7	Indefinite pronouns	none, several, many, some, any, somebody, nobody
8	Interrogative pronouns	which, who, what
9	Reciprocal pronouns	each other, one another

​Personal Pronouns

​A personal pronoun takes the place of people or things. The personal pronouns are "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they."

​Possessive Pronouns

​A possessive pronoun shows possession. The possessive pronouns are "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "ours," and "theirs."

​Relative Pronouns

​A relative pronoun introduces a clause that describes a noun. (The clause is called an adjective clause.) The relative pronouns are "that," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose." The following relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses (underlined) that provide information necessary to identify their nouns.

​Demonstrative Pronouns

​The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." A demonstrative pronoun can refer to something previously mentioned or to something in the speaker's surroundings (e.g., something being pointed at by the speaker).

​Emphatic Pronouns

​An emphatic pronoun is paired with another noun or pronoun (shown in bold) to emphasize it. The emphatic pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves."

​Reflexive Pronouns

​A reflexive pronoun is paired with another noun or pronoun to show it is acting on itself. They have a different function to emphatic pronouns, but they're the same words ("myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves").

​Indefinite Pronouns

​An indefinite pronoun refers to a person or a thing without being specific. The most common indefinite pronouns are "any," "anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "no one," "nobody," "none," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone."

​Interrogative Pronouns

​An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. The interrogative pronouns are "what," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose."

​Reciprocal Pronouns

​A reciprocal pronoun is used to express a mutual action or relationship. The reciprocal pronouns are "each other" and "one another."

Adverbs

Now, Let's talk about Adverbs

Adverbs

​Adverbs are words that describe verbs.

​An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Lots of adverbs end "-ly."

• She swims quickly.

• She is an extremely quick swimmer.

• She swims extremely quickly.

​An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Lots of adverbs end "-ly."

​Adverbs

​What do Adverbs do?

​When an adverb modifies a verb, it tells us how, when, where, why, how often, or how much the action is performed.

• How: He ran quickly.

• When: He ran yesterday.

• Where: He ran here.

• How often: He ran daily.

• How much: He ran fastest.

Different types of Adverb

Adverb of Manner ( How )

​An adverb of manner tells us how an action occurs.

• The lion crawled stealthily.

• Will you come quietly, or do I have to use earplugs?

​(NB: Lots of adverbs of manner end "-ly.")

​Adverb of Time ( When or How Often )

An adverb of time tells us when an action occurs or how often.

• I tell him daily.

• What you plant now, you will harvest later.

(NB: Adverbs of time that tell us how often something occurs (e.g., "always," "often," "sometimes") are also known as "adverbs of frequency.")

​Adverb of Place ( Where )

An adverb of place tells us where an action occurs.

• I did not put it there.

• Poetry surrounds us everywhere, but putting it on paper is, alas, not so easy as looking at it.

​Adverb of Degree ( How Much )

An adverb of degree tells us to what degree an action occurs.

• He works smarter.

• Doubters make me work harder to prove them wrong.

Prepositions

It's time to talk about Preposition

​Prepositions

​Prepositions precede words to link them to nearby words. Above, about, below, for, from, in, inside, into, of, to, until, and with are all common prepositions. There are lots of others. Lots of prepositions precede words to tell us where or when things are.

​Examples of prepositions that tell us where:

• The cat on the table is called Toby.

• Our lorry is stuck at the traffic lights.

​Examples of prepositions that tell us when:

• The meeting on Saturday

• The bell will ring at 7 o'clock.

​About the Word "Preposition"

​The word "preposition" means "positioned before." A preposition sits before a word (either a noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word. Look at these examples:

• a bone for the dog.

• everyone except the teacher.

​List of Common Prepositions

• Above

• About

• Across

• Against

• Along

• Among

• Around​

• At

• Before​

• Behind

• Below

• Beneath

• Beside

• ​Between

• Beyond

• By

• Down

• During​

• Except

• For

• From

• In

• Inside

• Into

• Like

• Near

• Of​

• Off

• On

• Since

• To

• Toward

• Through

• Under

• Until

• Up​

• Upon

• With

• Within​

​Object of the Preposition

​The word (or phrase) that follows a preposition is called the object of a preposition. If there is a preposition, there will always be an object of the preposition. A preposition cannot exist by itself.

Conjunctions

Let's recall what Conjunctions are​

What Are Conjunctions?

​Conjunctions are joiners. They are used to join words, phrases, or clauses. "And," "but," and "or" are three common conjunctions.

• Jack and Jill went up the hill.

A conjunction joining phrases:

A conjunction joining words:

• Toby is a highly intelligent but sometimes quiet boy.

A conjunction joining clauses:

• You can prepare the salad, or you can clean the floor.

​Types of Conjunction:

Interjections

Let's recall what interjections are!

What Are Interjections?

Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.An interjection is not grammatically related to any other parts of the sentence.

Multi-word Interjections

Some interjections are more than one word. For example:

​

• Oh, really? I doubt that.

• Holy moly! She won!

Articles

Congrats! We've now come to the last topic, the Articles​.

What Are Articles?

The articles are the words "a," "an," and "the." They define whether something is specific or unspecific.

There are two types of article:

"A" and "an" are called the indefinite articles. They define their noun as something unspecific

(2) The Indefinite Article (A, An).

"The" is called the definite article. It defines its noun as something specific

(1) The Definite Article (The).

• This is the lake.

• This is a lake.