Exercise Science: Nervous System

Nervous System

Exercise Science: Anatomy and Functions

Objective

Students will be able to differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous systems. They will also be able to describe the role the nervous system plays in creating bodily movement. ​

Subject | Subject

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Open Ended

What do you think the main role of the nervous system is in our bodies?

Main Functions

What is the Nervous System?

• communication and command system of the body

• Senses changes in and around the body

• Responds to these changes with some form of muscle contraction or gland secretion. ​

• Nerves can either be excitatory or inhibitory.​

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• ​ Consists of nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord.

• Acts as the bridge for information between one's environment and the CNS.

PNS

• Includes the brain and spinal cord

• Take in info, process info, and send out motor signals

• Body's main "Control Center"

CNS

Central Vs. Peripheral

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• ​Efferent neurons send output from the CNS to the glands and muscles.

• Efferent neurons​ can be divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Efferent Neurons

• ​The skin, joints, tendons, muscles, internal organs, and sense organs send sensory information to the CNS using Afferent neurons

Afferent Neurons

Neurons of the PNS

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• ​Excites involuntary organ muscles

• Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and heart. ​

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Autonomic Nervous System

• ​Consists of motor neurons

• Stimulates skeletal muscle

• Voluntary​

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Somatic Nervous System

Efferent Neurons cont...

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a primary function of the nervous system?

• communication and command system of the body

• Senses changes in and around the body

• Responds to changes with some form of muscle contraction or gland secretion. ​

• All of these

Match

Match the following characteristics to the correct answer

• Central Nervous System

• Peripheral nervous system

• Afferent Neurons

• Efferent Neurons

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Nervous system that extends throughout the body

Carry sensory input to the CNS

Send output to glands and muscles

• Includes the brain and spinal cord

• Nervous system that extends throughout the body

• Carry sensory input to the CNS

• Send output to glands and muscles

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of the Somatic Nervous System

• Stimulates voluntary skeletal muscles

• Excites involuntary organ muscle

• Activates muscles in the stomach and intestines

• Is a part of the CNS

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of the Autonomic Nervous System

• Consists of motor neurons

• Stimulates skeletal muscle

• Sends info to the CNS

• Stimulates involuntary organ muscles

• ​ Dendrites: Translates sensory messages to the cell body from other neurons.

  • ​ex. temperature, pressure, touch, etc

• ​ Cell body: contains the nucleus

• ​ Axon: transmits messages from the cell body to its end organs.

• Synapse: the junction between two nerves.​

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Structure of a neuron

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​ We basically all have super powers! Your body can actually take information from the world around us, turn that into an electrical charge that gets sent throughout our bodies and causes some kind of action.

Fun Fact:

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​​1.Resting potential: -70 millivolts

2.Depolarization: Cell membranes charge becomes less negative (via NA+, K+ pump)

3.Threshold: -50 to -55 millivolts​ (all or none)

4.Action potential occurs

5. Repolarization: neuron restores itsself to resting membrane charge (-70 millivolts)​

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• ​ While nerves communicate from nerve to nerve through synapses, Nerves communicate with muscle fibers through neuromuscular junctions.

• The function of the neuromuscular junction is​ to transmit the electrical impulse from the nerve to the muscle

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Neuromuscular ​Junction

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Multiple Choice

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus

• Dendrites

• Cell Body

• Axon

• Synaptic knob

Multiple Choice

Which part of the neuron carries action potentials to other nerves and muscles?

• Dendrites

• Cell body

• Axon

• Synapse

Multiple Choice

Which part of the neuron senses changes in pressure, temperature, touch, etc. and translates this information to the cell body?

• Dendrites

• Cell Body

• Axon

• Axon Terminals

Multiple Choice

Junction between two neurons

• Neuromusclular Junction

• Synapse

Multiple Choice

Junction between neuron and muscle fiber

• Neuromuscular junction

• Synapse

Proprioceptors​

• ​ Specialized receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons.

• Relay messages to the CNS about muscular changes in the body and about limb movement. ​

• For example, proprioceptors help subconsciously maintain posture and balance when performing a lunge, or inhibit the stretch should the lunge be too deep.

Subject | Subject

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Stretch Reflex

• ​This is a response of the central nervous system to inhibit the stretch in a muscle or cause it to contract.

• ​ This protects the muscle from extreme ranges of stretch or from stretches that are performed too fast.

Subject | Subject

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Golgi Tendon Organs

• ​ Lie within the tendons and recognize changes in tension in the muscle.

• In response to muscle tension, the CNS may reflexively send a message to suppress the muscular force.

• For example, If you lift a barbell that is too heavy for you, the Golgi tendon organs elicit an inhibiting message that goes to the muscle, not allowing further movement and thus protecting the muscle from damage.​

Subject | Subject

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Open Ended

Can you give one example of how the Nerves can be excitory?

Open Ended

Give one example of how nerves can be inhibitory?