English 11 Review for Unit 1 Test

​English 11

Unit 1 Test Review​

Due date for Test is 9/22 I will unlock it 9/19

Use these slides to take you to the course work to re-study.

Also reread all of the reading selections. There are often questions on the readings.​

​1.1.3 Study Understand Rhetoric

​When people attempt to persuade you, they're using rhetoric. They use specific tactics even if they don't know they're doing it. Often, these tactics include three particular audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos.

1.1.3 page 2​

Logos

This is an appeal to logic​--to your brain. Specific examples, logical conclusions, and indisputable facts all fall under the category of logos.

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Pathos

Pathos is an appeal to emotions--to your heart. Emotional anecdotes and words that have strong connotations (liberty, slaughter) are ways to appeal to emotions.​

​1.1.3 page 2

​The idea behind ethos is a little more complicated than it is for logos and pathos. If you want your audience -- whoever that may be -- t believe you, you have to get them to trust you.

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addressing counterclaims

proving your knowledge

using credible evidence​

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1.1.3 page 3​ don't forget to complete your Study

Guide

​Rhetorical Devices

​Audience appeals are one type of Rhetorical device.

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Rhetorical Questions ---- are not meant to be answered. In fact, they are supposed to prove a point because the answer is so obvious.

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Diction --- Strategic word choice

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Parallelism​ --- is a device that uses sentences with similar structures so that they stand out and can be more easily remembered.

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​1.1.3 pages 5-7

​Let's look at how Parallelism can emphasize a point.

​Check out how President Kennedy repeats the structure of his list to make his point:

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"Let every nation know . . . that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.​" from his 1961 Inaugural Address

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Kennedy's parallelism emphasizes that the United States will do just about anything to protect liberty.

1.1.3 page 7​

​Figurative Language is also a rhetorical device. It is an umbrella term for many devices.

​Simile -- comparison using like or as

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Metaphor -- comparison not using like or as

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Personification​ -- giving human characteristics to

something non-human

1.1.3 page 9​

​The Claim 1.1.9 page 3

​The basis of your argument is known as the claim. Your claim is the most important sentence in your letter, and it's worth spending a little extra time to make sure that it is well worded and says exactly what you want it to.

​Let's take a look at Parallelism

​Parallelism or Parallel Structure is a pattern in writing and speaking in which words and phrases are similar in structure, one echoing another. Repeating similar words and phrases creates a strong rhythm, making ideas easy to remember and hard to ignore.

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Study 1.2.1 ​page 3

​Parallel or not? 1.2.1 page 3

​Let's dig deeper into logos 1.2.1 page 6

​Inductive Logic --- reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that's considered probable while still remaining open to the fact that the conclusion may not be 100% guaranteed.

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​ - Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are

​ allergic to peanuts.

- Every cat that you've observed purrs. Therefore, all cats must

​ purr.

- Michael just moved here from Chicago. Michael has red hair.

Therefore, all people from Chicago have red hair.

​Deductive logic -- start with an overarching general principle you know to be true:

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All the squirrels in my state are brown.​

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Now you can deduce, based on the truth of the statement, that​:​

Any squirrel I see today on my walk around the block will be brown.

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Because you've started with a statement​ that is always true, you can draw an accurate conclusion. This is why deductive reasoning is

​a stronger logical method than inductive reasoning.​

​Logos continued. . .

​Your logic and reasoning should be sound when you make an argument, and you also should present yourself as trustworthy. In rhetoric, trust has to do with ethos, or the character and credibility of the writer or speaker in the eyes of the audience. 1.2.1 page 8

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Pathos -- Authors often use pathos by choosing strong words like justice and peace to make the audience feel a certain way. The rhythms and sounds of words can also stir powerful emotions within an audience.​ 1.2.1 page 9

​Dig deeper into ethos and pathos

​What about deductive reasoning? 1.2.1 page 12

​The Preamble of The Declaration of Independence offers two major premises.

1. All men are created equal.

2. Universal rights ought to be protected for all people, including "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness."

The Declaration of Independence uses these two premises to arrive at a very logical conclusion....deductive reasoning.

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Governments must protect the people's equality and rights; if a government doesn't, the people have the duty to change it.

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​Be sure to watch the video on page one of 1.2.5 Discuss. I never dreamt that they'd test you on this material..... but guess what?

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They call it Group Activity Behavior​

​ALERT!!! IMPORTANT!!!

​ALERT!!! IMPORTANT!!!

​Revisit 1.2.8

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Review the use of reference books

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Dictionary

Thesaurus​

​1.3.4 Read Tinker vs. DesMoines

​Read these materials carefully. This is the story behind a Supreme Court decision that made history. You must have a deep understanding of these materials to successfully complete the 1.3.8/1.3.9 Practice.

​The Tinkers wore armbands to school in December 1965. Three years later (November 1968) it had worked its way up to the Supreme Court. The decision came in February 1969.