GENETICS & EVOLUTION

• HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

• PLANTS, ANIMALS, FUNGI, PROTIST

• LINEAR DNA​

EUKARYOTES​

• NO MEMBRANED BOUND ORGANELLES​

• ARCHAEA & BACTERIA

• CIRCULAR DNA [PLASMID]

​PROKARYOTES

​CELLS

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Multiple Choice

The presence of which of the following characteristics differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• DNA

• Ribosomes

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

Multiple Choice

Plant and animal cells are examples of

• prokaryotic cells

• eukaryotic cells

Multiple Choice

Bacteria is an example of a(n)

• prokaryotic cell.

• eukaryotic cell.

• DNA TRANSCRIPTIONALLY INACTIVE OR CONDENSED​

​HETEROCHROMATIN

• DNA TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE OR RELAXED​

EUCHROMATIN​

CHROMOSOMES CONTINUE..​

*HUMANS = 23​

*EACH PARENT DONATES 23​

*TELOMERES ARE AT THE END AND CONTAIN HIGH G-C CONTENT​

Multiple Choice

When DNA is in its less coiled, "relaxed," state, between cell divisions, it is called

• autosomes
• chromatid
• chromatin
• centromere

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about the ends of the chromosome?

• The ends of the chromosome are called Satellites

• The ends of the chromosome are called Centromeres

• The ends of the chromosome are called Telomeres

• The ends of the chromosome are called Kinetochore

Multiple Choice

Euchromatin is -----------

• Stains lightly

• Is partially condensed

• Genetically active chromatin with genes

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

------------ shows tightly packed form of DNA, containing transcriptionally inactive sequences.

• Euchromatin

• Heterochromatin

• Chromomere

• Telomere

​KARYOTYPING

*46 CHROMOSOMES​

*VISUALIZE THE CHROMOSOME IN A CELL​

• USEFUL IN DETECTING ABNORMALITY​ LIKE ANEUPLOIDY [ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF A CHROMOSOME]

• TRISOMY 21 [DOWN SYNDROME INHERITED BY AN OFFSPRING​

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Multiple Choice

a photograph or picture of chromosomes grouped in ordered pairs is a ______________

• pedigree

• Punnett Square

• Venn Diagram

• Karyotype

Multiple Choice

Which sex chromosomes would indicate a typical human male?

• XX
• X
• XY
• XXY

Multiple Choice

A normal human zygote should have _____ chromosomes inside.

• 46

• 23

• 92

• 64

Multiple Choice

The results of the karyotype indicate that an individual has 3 chromosome #21. Which of the following genetic disorders do they have?

• Edwards Syndrome
• Patau's Syndrome
• Down's Syndrome
• Klinefelter's Syndrome

Multiple Choice

A pair of identical chromosomes shown in a karyotype, one inherited from mom, and one inherited from dad are called

• sister chromotids
• centromeres
• homologous chromosomes
• autosomes

Multiple Choice

Which would be considered a somatic cell?

• Sperm cell
• Egg Cell
• Skin Cell
• All of these

​MUTATIONS

• ​FRAMESHIFT [DELETION & INSERTION]

• DUPLICATION

• SUBSTITUTION​

• TRANSLOCATION​

Subject | Subject

POLYMORPHISM CAN ALLOW DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES​

​POINT MUTATION [MISPAIRING]

• A FAILING TO BIND WITH T

• C FAILING TO BIND WITH G

Multiple Choice

Any change in the sequence of DNA is...

• transgenic shift
• Single Genotype
• Monohybrid Trait
• Mutation

Multiple Choice

Where do mutations occur?

• DNA and RNA
• DNA 
• RNA
• mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice

Why are insertion and deletion mutations so harmful?

• They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence
• They insert things that an organism doesn't need.
• They often delete things that organisms need.
• Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations.

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTACGCAAG
The mutated DNA segment is TTCGCAAG. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution
• Deletion
• Insertion
• Inversion

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTACGCAAG
The mutated DNA segment is TTCGCAAG. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution
• Deletion
• Insertion
• Inversion

Multiple Choice

Normal-
GAG-CTC-GAC-AGA
Mutant
GAG CTC-CAC-AGA

• no mutation
• substitution
• insertion
• deletion

Multiple Choice

What do helpful mutations do? 

• Increases chances of survival 
• Decreases changes of survival 
• Increases chances of developing cancer
• Decreases skills

• THE SEPERATION OF ALLES HAPPENS SEPERATELY AND ARE UNIQUE FROM ANOTHER

​LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

• TWO ALLELIC COPIES OF GENES IN DIPLOID STATE ARE SEGREGATED INTO GAMETES

• MEIOSIS 1​

​LAW OF SEGREGATION

​LAW OF MENDELIAN GENETICS

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​The law of independent assortment says two alleles separate and are different from each other.

This question violates the LIA because it says the mutations are inherited together = less likely to separate "law of ind. assortment"

• XY

• *DISEASED MALES CAN ONLY PASS TO DAUGHTERS​

​MALES

• XX​

• CAN PASS TO BOTH SONS & DAUGHTERS​

FEMALES​

​X-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAITS

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DOMINANCE ​

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​The genotype of an organism is frequently expressed in the phenotype of multiple organisms.

​​Penetrance

​

​How strong the phenotype is expressed in a single individual.

​​Expressivity

​

​The extent to which the genotype affects the phenotype is.

​ higher tolerance = complete penetrance

high amounts of variance = broad expressivity​

​

Multiple Choice

A population with a genotype that do not have the associated phenotype

• Multiple alleles

• pleiotropy

• Incomplete penetrance

Multiple Choice

Degree to which a trait varies among individuals

• Lethal alleles

• polygenic

• expressivity

Multiple Choice

Each allele is equally dominant

• Penetrance

• Codominance

• Epistasis

Multiple Choice

The genotype of a population that actually show the expected phenotypes

• Epistasis

• Codominant

• Penetrance

Multiple Choice

One gene masks the effects of another's phenotype

• Penetrance

• Codominance

• Epistasis

Multiple Choice

Multiple symptoms of disease can be traced back to one defective gene

• Multifactorial

• Lethal alleles

• pleitropy