The Expansion of Muslim Rule

​Caliphate

​a formed government for the lands they held, which was ruled by a caliph.

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​Not all of the expansion came from warfare.

Muslim leaders also signed treaties with foreign lands.

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A treaty is a written agreement between countries and its people.

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Ex: people might accept Muslim rule in return for certain rights. ​

​The Umayyed Dynasty

​Islam's first dynasty,

​Dynasty: is a family that holds political power through many generations.

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They moved the capital from Medina to Damascus, Syria. ​

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They conquered North Africa and Spain

Also expanded into central and south Asia

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​Divisions in the Caliphate

​In 750 rebel forces overthrew the Umayyads and installed a new caliph from the Abbasid family.

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They built a new capital in present day Baghdad, Iraq.

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their 1st ruler was named Abu al Abbas "blood spiller"

He lived up to his name by inviting the Umayyad family for dinner and beheading them all.

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During their rule, they opened up government services to non Arabs,

(ruling class included many diff ethnic groups) ​

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Under the rule of Harun al Rashid, Baghdad became the center of Arts, science and learning ​

This dynasty lasted until 1258. ​

​The end of the Abbasid Rule

​Although Islamic Civilization was flourishing the Abbasids were losing control of their empire

• Spain became independent in ​756

• Shiite family known as Fatimids seized control of Egypt.

• Central Asian peoples also attacked the​ caliphate.

• ​In 900s nomadic Turkish tribes began to invade Muslim land.

• Eventually the turks seize Baghdad.

• Then in 1200 Mongols attacked Baghdad, massacring thousands of ppl including the last Abbasid caliph. ​

​The Ottoman Empire

​The invasion of the Mongols shattered the caliphate.

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Individual Islamic states survived, each governed by its own Sultan, or Muslim ruler. ​

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in the 1300s the Ottomans began to launch attacks on the Byzantine Empire.

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Ottoman troops led by Sultan Mehmed ll captured Constantinople in 1453.

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The Ottomans would rule these lands until the early 1900s. ​