Genetics Vocabulary

Multiple Choice

The study of traits that are passed on from one generation to the next.

• Microbiology

• Biochemistry

• Genetics

• DNA Synthesis

Genetics Remediation

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Genetics (Mendelian Genetics)

Essential Question: Why do different individuals show different traits?

Must know Vocabulary

• Genotype = The alleles that code for the trait (Ex. = Bb)

• Phenotype = The physical trait of an organism..(Ex. = Brown eyes))

• Dominate = always expressed if present(Capital letter) (Ex. = B)

• Recessive = only expressed if both alleles are receive(Lowercase letter) (Ex. = b)

• Homozygous Dominate = Genotype with 2 dominate alleles (Ex. = BB)

• Heterozygous= Genotype with 1 dominant and 1 receive allele (Ex. = Bb)

• Homozygous Redceive= Genotype with 2 receive alleles (Ex. = bb)

Genetics Practice

Multiple Choice

The different possible versions of a gene. For example, different hair colors like blonde, red, brown, black, etc.

• Heterozygous

• Chromosomes

• Genetics

• Alleles

Genotype - the combination of alleles.

Phenotype - the physical characteristics

Multiple Choice

What is a trait?

• Your DNA

• The things that make an individual unique

• Common characteristics in a species

• Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

A cleft chin phenotype is dominant to no cleft. Which of the following genotypes is NOT a cleft chin?

• Cc

• CC

• cc

Key Vocabulary

• Genes: region of DNA that codes for specific traits

• Alleles: different copies of the same gene

• Genotype: Gene combination for a specific trait

• Phenotype: physical trait that is shown in organism

Multiple Select

Dimples are dominant to no dimples. Choose all of the genotypes that are dimple phenotypes.

• Dd

• dd

• DD

Traits:

• Characteristics that make an individual unique

• These traits are passed from parent to offspring during reproduction

Multiple Choice

Freckles are dominant to no freckles. A genotype that is heterozygous will have which phenotype?

• freckles

• no freckles

Multiple Choice

A 4x4 chart that shows the possible genotype outcomes of two parents' offspring.

• Pedigree

• Protein Synthesis

• Punnett Square

• Phenotype

Homozygous Dominant (RR)

Heterozygous (Rr)

Homozygous Recessive (rr)

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant?

• DD

• Dd

• dd

Multiple Choice

Genotype refers to the ...

• physical expression of the genes

• the possible combination of alleles in a gene

• whether an allele is dominant or recessive

• how an organism will appear

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?

• Mm

• MM

• mm

Early Genetics and Mendel's Peas

• 150 years ago no one knew about "genes" or "chromosomes"

• Mendel studied peas to determine how traits are passed from parent to offspring. "Why do we look similar?"

Multiple Choice

The genotype, Pp, is _______.

• homozygous dominant

• heterozygous

• homozygous recessive

Multiple Choice

The building blocks of proteins.

• Sugars

• Amino Acids

• Fatty Acids

• Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

The genotype, jj, is _______.

• heterozygous

• homozygous dominant

• homozygous recessive

Traits observed by Mendel

• Seed shape ( round or wrinkled)

• Seed color (yellow or green)

• Flower color (purple or white)

• Plant height (tall or short)

Multiple Choice

The genotype, KK, is

• heterozygous

• homozygous dominant

• homozygous recessive

Multiple Choice

Phenotype refers to the...

• Expressed physical trait of an organism

• Genetic combination of an organism

• Whether an allele is dominant or recessive

• The possible combination of alleles

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is homozygous recessive?

• Aa

• aa

• AA

What is a "Gene"?

• A Gene caries information that determines your traits

• Traits are passed from parent to offspring

• Genes are located on chromosomes

• There are thousands of genes in one chromosome

Multiple Choice

In guinea pigs, the allele for short hair is dominant. What genotype would a heterozygous short-haired guinea pig have?

• Ss

• SS

• ss

Multiple Choice

the physical appearance that is determined by the genetic code.

• Genotype

• Phenotype

Punnett Squares are used to predict the probability of a cross of two parents.

Each parent has 2 alleles in their genotypes.

Humans and Chromosomes

• Humans have 46 chromosomes

• 23 come from the female

• 23 come from the male

Multiple Choice

Green flowers are dominant to yellow flowers. If the parents (GG and gg) are crossed, what percentage of the offspring will have green flowers?

• 100%

• 75%

• 50%

• 25%

• 0%

Multiple Choice

blue eyes, curly hair

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Green flowers are dominant to yellow flowers. If two heterozygous parents are crossed, what percentage of their offspring will be homozygous dominant?

• 100%

• 75%

• 50%

• 25%

• 0%

Multiple Choice

Where are "Genes" found?

• Mitochondria

• Cytoplasm

• Centrosomes

• Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

Black fur is dominant to brown fur in dogs. A brown fur dog is crossed with a dog that is heterozygous. What percentage of the offspring will be black?

• 100%

• 75%

• 50%

• 25%

• 0%

Multiple Choice

Single strands of DNA, wrapped around proteins called histones.

• Amino Acids

• Chromosomes

• RNA

• Locuses

Multiple Choice

Black fur is dominant to brown fur in dogs. A brown fur dog is crossed with a dog that is homozygous dominant. What percentage of the offspring will be brown?

• 100%

• 75%

• 50%

• 25%

• 0%

Multiple Choice

How many chromosomes do humans have?

• 23

• 92

• 46

• 184

That's all folks.

Multiple Choice

Tt, BB, rr

• genotype

• phenotype

Poll

In nature, which eye color would humans most likely have?

• Green

• Brown

• Blue

• Grey

Multiple Choice

A chart showing the individual members of a family who have a particular trait.

• Punnett Square

• Karyotype

• Pedigree

Brown eyes are less sensitive to the sun which makes them better in nature

Key Vocabulary

• Homozygous- refers to having 2 of the same alleles (Homo=same)

• Heterozygous-refers to having 2 different alleles (Hetero= different)

• Dominant: always shown physically when present. Represented by capital letter

• Recessive: takes two copies to be shown physically. Not seen in heterozygote, Represented by lowercase letter

Alleles: Two forms of a gene

• Dominant: The stronger of the 2 genes

• Recessive: The weaker of the two genes

Multiple Choice

The code that carries genetic information, found in the nucleus.

• RNA

• Proteins

• DNA

• Animo Acids

Can we predict someone's traits?

• Yes! We can look at their parents genes to determine outcomes

• Dominant genes are written as CAPITAL letters

• Recessive genes are written as lower case letters.

Multiple Choice

nn, ww, gg

• heterozygous

• homozygous dominant

• homozygous recessive

Multiple Choice

How do we write DOMINANT alleles?

• Capital letters

• Lower case

Multiple Choice

A picture of all of the chromosomes an individual has.

• Punnett Square

• Karyotype

• Pedigree

Multiple Choice

How do we write recessive alleles?

• Capital letters

• Lower case

Multiple Choice

Tt, Bb, Ww

• heterozygous

• homozygous dominant

• homozygous recessive

Punnett Squares

• Punnett square is the standard way of working out possible offspring outcome of 2 parents

• Father has 2 sets of alleles from his parent

• Mother has 2 sets of alleles from her parents

Multiple Choice

Chromosomes that do NOT determine if ovaries or testes develop.

• Autosomes

• RNA

• DNA

• Gametes

Multiple Choice

BB, RR, TT

• heterozygous

• homozygous dominant

• homozygous recessive

Phenotype:

• The observable characteristic of an individual

• If an individual gets ONE dominant gene, the individual will show the dominant phenotype (BB, or Bb)

• an individual must have 2 pairs of the recessive gene to show that phenotype. (bb)

Multiple Choice

Chromosomes that determine if ovaries or testes are produced in a fetus. Example: Symbolized by X or Y.

• Homologous Chromosomes

• Autosomes

• Sex Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

An individual has the phenotype Bb. Will they express the dominant or recessive trait?

• Recessive

• Dominant

Multiple Choice

How would you write a homozygous dominant genotype?

• AA

• Aa

• aa

• either AA or Aa

Multiple Choice

The area of the cell in which DNA is contained.

• Ribosomes

• Golgi Apparatus

• Plasma Membrane

• Nucleus

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the genotype "Rr"?

• recessive

• heterozygous

• purebred

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

A portion of DNA that contains the instructions for a certain protein (for example, the area on a chromosome that codes for melanin).

• Karyotype

• Gene

• Nucleus

• Autosomes

Multiple Choice

having two different genes for a trait (sometimes called hybrid).

• protein

• homozygous

• heterozygous

• genotype

Multiple Choice

Specific colors or features (ex: BLUE eyes)

• charactertistic

• trait

• genes

• alleles

Multiple Choice

having two of the same genes for the trait (sometimes called purebred).

• homozygous
• hetrozygous
• protein
• chromosome

Multiple Choice

the form of a trait that masks another trait

• recessive

• dominant

Punnett Squares

• Scientists used Punnett Squares to create show the different possibilities of offspring that can be created based off the parent's genes

Multiple Choice

the form of a trait that is masked by another

• recessive

• dominant

Punnett Square

To create a Punnett square, you look at each parent's genotype. Each genotype has 2 alleles. Each parent can only give 1 allele to their offspring. For each square, write one of the parent's alleles.

Multiple Choice

refers to an organism that has two of the same alleles for a trait; another term for purebred (Ex: TT or tt)

• homozygous

• heterozygous

Punnett Square

Dad (top) would have 1/2 sperm with A and 1/2 sperm with a. Mom (side) would have 1/2 eggs with A and 1/2 eggs with a. Inside each box, you create the different genotype combinations for each child based the alleles inside of the sperm and eggs. Example Top left box, A sperm meets A egg. Top right box a sperm meets A egg. Bottom left A sperm meets a egg. Bottom right a sperm meets a egg.

Multiple Choice

refers to an organism that has two different alleles for a trait; another term for hybrid (Ex: Tt)

• homozygous

• heterozygous

Punnett Squares

Once the Punnett squares are completed, you analyze the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 1 child is AA, 2 are Aa, 1 is aa. This is the genotype ratio 1:2:1. The genotype percent is 25% AA, 50% Aa and 25% aa. The phenotype is 3:1. With 3 showing the dominant trait and 1 showing the recessive trait. Remember the heterozygotes shows the DOMINANT TRAIT.

Multiple Choice

refers to how an organism will look based on its genes

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

refers to the genetic makeup of an organism or the combination of genes for a particular trait

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Georgette wants to breed her pet phoenixes, but she isn't sure if the babies will burst into blue flames or red flames. Her documents show that her female phoenix is homozygous dominant for red flames, while her male phoenix is homozygous recessive for blue flames. What color flames will the babies have?

• Red
• Blue
• Purple
• 50% Red, 50% Blue

Multiple Choice

What's the shape of DNA?

• Helix

• Double Helix

• Ladder

Multiple Choice

What is the probability of a purple-horned unicorn if a heterozygous pink-horned unicorn is crossed with a heterozygous pink-horned unicorn?

• 0%
• 25%
• 50%
• 75%

Multiple Choice

What are the 3 Nucleotides of DNA and RNA?

• Phosphate, Nitrogen Base, Protein

• Phosphorus, Hydrogen Base, Sugar

• Phosphate, Nitrogen Base, Sugar

Multiple Choice

A heterozygous long-tusked elephant is crossed with a homozygous recessive short-tusked elephant. What is the probability of the offspring having short tusks?

• 0%
• 25%
• 50%
• 75%

Multiple Choice

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

• Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guatamie

• Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

• Applenine, Thymeinine, Citrocine, Guamanine

Multiple Choice

In the Punnett square shown, what must the genotype of the missing parent be?

• BB
• Bb
• bb
• Tt

Multiple Choice

What are the 4 bases of mRNA?

• Adenine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine

• Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

• Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine

Multiple Choice

B - black, b - brown.  Two black mice mate and have some black and some brown mice.  What is the genotype of the parents?

• BB x Bb
• BB x bb
• Bb x Bb
• Bb x bb

Multiple Choice

What is the mother's genotype?

• DD

• Dd

• dd