Focus 4: Unit 2 Human nature

​Focus 4

Unit 2 Human nature​

​Content:

• Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous

• Relative clauses

• Present & Past participle clauses

​Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous

Multiple Select

We use the Past Perfect (Simple):

• actions that happened before a particular time or

  event in the past

  (for which we usually use the Past Simple)

• states that were true or happening before a

  particular time in the past

• actions that

  were in progress up to a particular time in the past (or fi nished

  shortly before it)

• states using stative verbs, e.g. be, have,

  know, see, believe

Multiple Select

We use the Past Perfect Continuous:

• actions that happened before a particular time or

  event in the past

  (for which we usually use the Past Simple)

• states that were true or happening before a

  particular time in the past

• actions that

  were in progress up to a particular time in the past (or fi nished

  shortly before it)

• states using stative verbs, e.g. be, have,

  know, see, believe

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

By the age of sixteen, he

(learn) to speak three foreign

languages.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

When my parents got married, they

(know) each other

for fi fteen years.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

The guests

(wait) for forty minutes before the bus

picked them up.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

My father

(visit) his Scottish relatives twice before

he fi nally went to live with them.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

I went to see the castle. I

(never/see) such a

magnificent building.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

When the head teacher finally arrived, we

(discuss) the problem for two hours.

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about actions,

but not states.

duration > the result

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence:

The children went to sleep before we

(come).

When we use time expressions such as before or after, we

do not need to use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect

Continuous, because the order of events is clear.

​Relative clauses

Multiple Choice

Define the type of the relative clause:

A stepfather is a man who is married to your mother but

isn’t your father.

• defining

  (essential info)

• non-defining

  (extra info)

Multiple Choice

Define the type of the relative clause:

Brad Pitt, who is a brilliant actor, took the main role.

• defining

  (essential info)

• non-defining

  (extra info)

Multiple Choice

We can leave out the relative pronouns who, which and that

when they are followed by a noun or a pronoun.

Choose the sentence where it's possible to leave out the relative pronoun

• He is the man who/that I want to marry.

• This is the man who/that wants to marry me.

Multiple Select

Choose the sentences with comment relative clauses:

Non-defining relative clauses can also comment on the rest

of the sentence and are then begun with the pronoun which

• Tom was late for dinner again, which made his mother furious.

• Jill, who used to be my neighbour, is going to marry my

  nephew.

• The waiter continued to stare at me, which I found

  extremely annoying.

• The college building, where the event is going to be held,

  was built in 1645.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the reduced relative clause:

Children who were raised in a bilingual

environment may begin to speak a little later.

Children

in a bilingual

environment may begin to speak a little later.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the reduced relative clause:

Elderly people who live alone should have

friends or family to care for them.

Elderly people

alone should have

friends or family to care for them.

​Present & Past Participle clauses

Multiple Choice

Choose the formula for present participle clause:

• V + -ing

• Having + V3/ed

Multiple Choice

Choose the formula for past participle clause:

• V + -ing

• Having + V3/ed

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence using present participle:

(feel/tired) after the journey, I went to bed early.

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentence using past participle:

_______ _______ (see) the film, I can say it's rubbish.