Rock and Rock Cycle

Rock
And
Rock
Cylce

Lesson 1.2 and Lesson 1.3

IGNEOUS

form when hot, molten rock

crystallizes and solidifies

METAMORPHIC

High Pressure and High Temperature

SEDIMENTARY

are types of rock that are formed by the

accumulation or deposition of mineral or

organic particles at Earth's surface,

followed by cementation

There are THREE large classifications of rocks:

Igneous

Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Each type of rock is formed differently and can
CHANGE from one type to another over time

Rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of
minerals or grains. The individual particle in a rock
are called grains.

Geologists classify igneous rocks according to texture
and mineral composition. For rocks, texture refers to
grain size and how the grains are arranged.

Igneous Rock

LIFESTYLE
BY SAWYER

If cooling is RAPID above the surface then the igneous rock is EXTRUSIVE ROCK

Forms when molten rock (magma) cools and hardens

If cooling is SLOW beneath the surface then the igneous rock is INTRUSIVE ROCK

Molten rock is called magma when it is inside Earth. Molten rock that erupts onto Earth's
surface is called lava. As magma or lava cools, mineral crystals begin to form.

Sedimentary Rock

LIFESTYLE
BY SAWYER

-Forms from the COMPACTION or CEMENTATION of rock pieces,
mineral grains, or shell fragments called sediments

Sediments are formed through the processes of weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at Earth's
surface

Sedimentary rocks can also form from the chemical depositing of materials that were once
dissolved in water

Lithification is the process through which sediment turns into rock.

Natural processes break down rocks. Rock and mineral fragments that are loose or suspended in
water are called sediment.

Multiple Choice

Formed by compacting & cementing of sediments

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

• Extrusive Igneous

• Intrusive Igneous

Multiple Choice

When sediments are pressed together tightly, this is called ____________.

• Compaction

• Cementation

• Weathering

• Erosion

Multiple Choice

Granite is an example of...

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

• Sedimentary

Metamorphic Rock

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure

Foliation(foh lee AY shun) results when pressure causes flat minerals to line up, giving the rock a layered
appearance.

Crystals form in a variety of shapes. Minerals with flat shapes, such as mica, produce a foliated
texture.

Eventually distinct bands of light and dark minerals form. Foliation is the most obvious
characteristic of metamorphic rocks.

The calcite crystals that make up marble became blocklike and square when exposed to high
temperatures and pressure. Marble has a nonfoliated texture.

Marble, another type of metamorphic rock, is not foliated. The grains in marble are not flattened like
the grains in gneiss. The grains in nonfoliated rocks have a random, interlocking texture.

PROCESS OF THE ROCK CYCLE

The rock cycle has continuous, with no beginning or

end. Process on Earth's surtace, such as weathering

erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation,

Other processes, such as those that involve extreme

temperature, pressure, and melting, take place deep

beneath Earth’s surface.

ROCK CYCLE

The series of process that continually change one

rock type into another

DIFFERENT FORMS

As materials move through the rock cycle,

they can take the torm of igneous rocks

sedimentary rocks, or metamorphic rocks. At times

the material might not be rock at all. It might be

sediment, magma, or lava.

When lava cools and crystallizes on
Earth's surface, the igneous rock that
forms is called extrusive rock.

When magma cools and crystallizes
inside Earth, the igneous ck that forms is
called intrusive rock.

Uplift is the process that moves large
amounts of rock up to Earth's surface and to
higher elevations. Uplift is driven by Earth's
tectonic activity and often is associated
with mountain building. This process forces
rocks onto Earth's surface.

Cooling and
Crystallization

The forming of Igneous rock

WEATHERING AND EROSION

Glaciers, wind, and water, along with the activities of some organisms, start to break
down exposed rocks called weathering . The same glaciers, wind, and water also carry
sediment to low-laying areas, called basins, by the process of erosion.

DEPOSITION

The process of laying down sediment in a new location is called deposition. Deposition forms
layers of sediment. As time passes, more and more layers aredeposited.

COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION

The weight of overlying layers of sediment pushes the grains of the bottom layers
closer together. This process is called compaction. Sedimentary rocks have tiny
spaces, called pores, between the grains. Pores sometimes contain water and
dissolved minerals. When these minerals crystallize, they cement the
grains together, process is called cementation

Metamorphism occurs when rocks are
subjected to high temperature and
pressure. This usual occurs far below
Earths surface
Temperature
and Pressure

The rocks slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss
form from shale with increasing temperature
and pressure. If the temperature is high

enough, the rock melts and becomes magma.

Shale

Slate

Phyllite

Schist

Gneiss

Increasing temperature and pressure

​

Temperature and Pressure

Plates tectonics states that Earth's surface is broken into

rigid plates. The plates move as a result of Earth's internal

thermal energy and convection in the mantle.

The theory explains the movement of continents. It also

explains earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of

new crust. These events occur at plate boundaries,

where tectonic plates interact.

Rock and Plate Tectonics

Processes within Earth that move tectonic
plates also drive parts of the rock cycle,

The theory explains the movement of

continents. It also explains earthquakes,

volcanoes, and the formation of new crust.

These events occur at plate boundaries, where

tectonic plates interact.

Multiple Choice

Which process is best illustrated by the diagram?

• igneous rock formation

• sedimentary rock formation

• igneous rocks changing into metamorphic rocks

• sedimentary rocks changing into metamorphic rocks

Multiple Choice

The process when rocks break into smaller pieces due to exposure to natural elements is called

• erosion

• weathering

• sediments

Multiple Choice

This type of rock forms from other rocks that have been changed by heat or pressure

• Igneous

• Basalt

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

A metamorphic rock changes into an igneous rock by what two processes?

• Melting and cooling

• Extreme heat and pressure

• Compaction and cementation

• Weathering and erosion