T-Level Unit 5 Session 12

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

5. Essential science for engineering and
manufacturing

5.6 Forces and motion in engineering

PowerPoint 8: Types of motion and forces

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Objectives

By the end of this session, learners should be able to:

•Describe the types of motion.

•Calculate force and pressure.

•Define moments about a force and torque.

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Types of Motion

Motion can be defined as being one of the following types;

•Linear

•Rotary

•Reciprocating

•Oscillating

Each type of motion makes use of an applied force (input) to make a
motion in a set pattern (output)

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Types of Motion

Linear motion moves something in a straight line, such a train moving
down a track.

Rotary motion is where something moves around an axis or pivot point,
such as a bicycle wheel

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Reciprocating motion has a repeated up and down motion or back-
and-forth motion, such as a piston:

Oscillating motion has a curved backwards and forwards movement
that swings on an axis or pivot point, such as a swing or a clock
pendulum:

Types of Motion

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Force

•A FORCE is a push or pull exerted by one object on another.

•Force is generally recognised and measured by its effect on a body.
Force on a static body tends to either move the body or deform it in
some way.

•The SI unit of force is the newton and is defined as:

1 Newton is the force that gives a mass of 1kg

an acceleration of 1ms-2

•As a force has magnitude and direction it is a VECTOR quantity.

•Weight force F = mg where g = 9.81ms-2

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Applied Forces

Any applied force is called an ACTION and the opposing force is called
a REACTION.

Magnitude (size)

Direction

Point of application

A force has 3 defining characteristics:

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Pressure

Next >

p =F

A

Applying a force to any object will create
pressure on it, given by:

Pressure

(Pa)

Area
(m2)

Force

(N)

where:

p = pressure in Pa
F = force in N
A = area in m2

Rearranging this, A = F p and F = p A

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

A force of 400 N is applied to an area of 200
mm2. What is the pressure in bar?

Next >

p =
400 N

200 × (1 × 10-6) m2

p = 2 × 106Pa

p = 2 × 106N/m2

p = (2 × 106) × (1 × 10-5) bar

Answer: p = 20 bar

p in Pa = F in N

A in m2

Area = 200 mm2

Force = 400 N

Pressure = ?

Since 1 Pa = 1 × 10-5bar:

Example calculation 1

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Example calculation 2

This cylinder is powered by a
hydraulic pump producing pressure
of 260,000 Pa. What force will the
cylinder produce?

Next >

F = p × A

A = πr2 = 3.14 × (22.5 × 10-3m)2

A = 1.59 × 10-3m2

F = 260,000 Pa × 1.59 × 10-3m2

Force = 413 N

Bore diameter

= 45 mm
First, find the area:

Insert known values into the equation:

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Example calculation 3

Next >

A piece of industrial machinery stands on four
feet, one at each corner. Each foot has an area
of 900 mm2. The force pushing down on each
foot equates to 12,500 N.

What is the pressure on the ground under each
foot?

Give your answer in MPa to 1 d.p.

Pressure =
Force
Area

= 12,500 N

0.0009 m2

Pressure = 13,888,888 Pa ≈ 13.9 MPa

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Next >

A hydraulic system is used to raise a load. The pressure in the
system is 1.2 MPa and the piston has an area of 0.0014 m2.
What force is produced by the piston?

Give your answer in N.

Force = Pressure × Area

Force = 1.2 × 106Pa × 0.0014 m2

Force = 1,680 N

1.2 MPa = 1.2 × 106Pa

Example calculation 4

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

For levers to balance, the MOMENTS must be the same.

5N

5N

1.5 m

1.5 m

Moments about a force

•A moment is the tendency of a force to rotate a body.

•A moment is calculated by multiplying the load (Newton) by the
distance from the fulcrum (or pivot) (metre).

•The unit of a moment is Newton/metre (Nm)

•Moments are identified as either clockwise or anti-clockwise.

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

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‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Calculating moments: example 1

Anti-clockwise moment = Clockwise moment

6N

A

2.5 m

1.5 m

What force is required at A to balance this lever?

Rearranging 15 ÷ 1.5 = 10 N

6 N x 2.5 m = A N x 1.5 m

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Calculating moments: example 2

Anti-clockwise moment = Clockwise moment

Irrespective of the type of lever, the calculation method is the same.
Calculate the moment and force required at B to balance this lever.

Moment = 12 N x 8 M = 96 N/m

Force: B N x 2 m = 12 N x 8 m, rearranging B = 96 ÷ 2 = 48 N

12N

B

2m

8m

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T Level Technical Qualification in
Engineering and Manufacturing (Level 3)
300 Engineering Common Core Content

© 2022 City and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved.

‘T-LEVELS’ is a registered trade mark of the Department for Education.
‘T Level’ is a registered trade mark of the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education

Torque

• Torque is a moment that causes rotation about an axis.
• A common example of torque occurs when using a spanner.
• The torque being applied by the spanner to this nut is calculated in

a similar way as previous lever examples.

Torque applied = (0.3 x 20) + (0.6 x 10) = 12 N/m

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Give an explanation and example for each of the following types of motion:

Linear

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Give an explanation and example for each of the following types of motion:

Rotational

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Give an explanation and example for each of the following types of motion:

Oscillating

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Give an explanation and example for each of the following types of motion:

Reciprocating

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Define the term 'Force'

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Define the three key characteristics of a force

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

For each collection of listed forces, determine the vector sum or the net force.

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

For each collection of listed forces, determine the vector sum or the net force.

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

For each collection of listed forces, determine the vector sum or the net force.

Open Ended

Worksheet 8: Forces

Two vehicles strike a lamppost simultaneously from different directions with the following forces: 

F_Vehicle1 = 1230 N at 53°

F_Vehicle2 = 1450 at 107°

 

Determine the resultant force applied by the two vehicles to the lamppost. (The directions of the two forces are stated as counter-clockwise angles of rotation)

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

A force of 150 N is being applied over an area measuring 0.5 m². Calculate the pressure on the object ensuring you give the correct units

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

Pressure of 150 N/m² is experienced when a force of 22 kN is applied. Calculate the area over which the force is applied to obtain the pressure stated.

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

A cylinder sands on the circular end. The cylinder exerts a force of 2 N onto the floor. The cylinder has a radius of 0.5 m. Calculate the pressure the cylinder exerts on the floor.

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

The force applied to a 0.4 m by 0.8 m brake pad produces a pressure of 500 N/m². Calculate the force applied to the brake pad.

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

If a weight of fluid of 200 N acts on a surface of 5 m², calculate the pressure created.

Open Ended

Worksheet 9: Pressure, force and area

 

What force must be applied to a surface area of 0.0025 m², to create a pressure of 200,000 Pa?