Energy System Revision

Energy Systems

Look for the extended questions on certain slides to enhance your understanding.

• ATP is required for all human movement

• 3 phosphate molecules bind to an adenosine molecule

• ATP is stored in the muscle cell

• We store enough for 2-3 seconds of movement

Adenosine Triphosphate

• ATPase is the enzyme

• It breaks the final phosphate bond, creating energy - exothermic reaction

• ADP and a free phosphate molecule is left over

​​Adenosine Diphosphate

Multiple Choice

What does ATP stand for?

• Adenosine Triphosphate

• Automatic Transfer Protocol

• Advanced Technological Power

• Atomic Thermal Power

Dropdown

ATP is stored in the ​

Select answer

. We store enough for ​

Select answer

of powerful movement. Once ATP is broken down, we are left with ​

Select answer

, plus one ​

Select answer

molecule

Multiple Choice

The enzyme responsible for breaking down ATP in to ADP is called...

• ATPase

• Adenosine Enzymase

• Creatine Phosphate

• Adenosine Triphosphatase

Energy Systems

ATP breaks down in to ADP...

Once ATP is broken down, we have THREE energy systems that can re-synthesize more ATP.

The two factors that depend on the energy system used is the INTENSITY of the activity and the DURATION of the activity.

Extended question: Explain which energy system is most appropriate for a central midfielder in football

Three Energy Systems

Extended Question: Energy Systems work on a continuum. Consider how all three energy systems work in boxing

High intensity

Limited duration (1-3 mins)

Also known as the anaerobic glycolytic system

​Lactate System

Very high Intensity

Low duration (8-12 secs)

Also known as ATP-PC System

Phosphocreatine System

Low intensity

'Unlimited' duration

Separated in to three smaller categories

Aerobic

System

One phosphate molecule binds to one creatine molecule.

The bind between them quickly breaks down, replenishing ADP into ATP efficiently.

Lasts 8-12 seconds

Recovers in 1-3 minutes

​

Extension Question: Any activity with maximal power uses the PC system. How might this benefit a netballer?

Phosphocreatine System

​When the intensity is very high or maximal, the phosphocreatine system is most efficient at resynthesizing ADP into ATP

ATP broken in to ADP

The molecule is a simple structure with one phosphate molecule binding to one creatine molecule.

This is stored in the muscle cell.

Phosphocreatine

Creatine kinase (CK) is the enzyme responsible for breaking the bond.

The spare phosphate molecule then joins the ADP

Creatine Kinase

Once the phosphate molecule separates from the creatine, it can now join ADP, resynthesizing one ATP

One free creatine molecule is left over

Resynthesis

Lasts 8-12 seconds

Creates 1 ATP for every PC molecule

Recovers in 1-3 minutes

Very high intensity

Efficient resynthesis - quick to happen

Creatine can be taken as a supplement

​​Summary

Match

Match the following

• Creatine Kinase

• 8-12 seconds

• 1-3 minutes

• Free creatine molecule

• Takes place quickly

Enzyme

Duration

Recovery

Waste Product

Advantage

• Enzyme

• Duration

• Recovery

• Waste Product

• Advantage

Multiple Select

Identify the disadvantages of the PC system

• Doesn't last long

• Only creates 1 ATP molecule

• Can be taken as a supplement

• Requires aerobic system to recover

• Works at very high intensity

Dropdown

The PC system, also known as the ​

Select answer

system, works at ​

Select answer

or maximal intensity. A ​

Select answer

, which binds to a phosphate molecule, is broken away by the enzyme ​

Select answer

. This enables the ​

Select answer

molecule to join ADP, reproducing more ATP.

Also known as the lactate system.

This works at a high intensity. It peaks ATP resynthesis at around 1 minute and lasts up to 3 minutes

​

Extended Question: Sports with repeated sprints prioritise this system. What examples can you think of?

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

Glycogen is stored in the muscles and the liver. It breaks down in to glucose, then further breaks down in to pyruvate. This produces 2 ATP. The main enzyme responsible is phosphofructokinase (PFK). When the intensity is high (without the presence of oxygen), pyruvate converts in to lactic acid.

​

Extended Question: How might an athlete train to develop this system?

Glycogen is stored glucose (carbs)

Produces lactic acid as a fatiguing by-product.

Only produces 2 ATP.

Requires aerobic system to recover

Issues

ATP is produced pretty quickly - just slightly longer than PC system.

Recovers in 4-8 minutes (depends on the duration and intensity)

Uses

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

Extended Question: How might the diet of a footballer impact on this energy system? What strategies could they employ?

Multiple Choice

The anaerobic glycolytic system is also known as...

• Lactate System

• Aerobic Respiration System

• Mitochondrial System

• Gluconeogenesis System

Drag and Drop

Glycogen is mainly stored in the ​

Placeholder

, but also in the liver and circulates in the blood. It is broken down in to ​

Placeholder

, a process known as glycolysis. The glucose is further broken down in to ​

Placeholder

, producing ​

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ATP. However, if the intensity continues, ​

Placeholder

is built up - which is a fatiguing by-product.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

muscles

glucose

pyruvate

2

lactic acid

1

3

mitochondria

sugar

PFK

Match

Match the following

• Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

• 1-3 Minutes

• 4-8 Minutes

• Glycogen

• Lactic Acid

Enzyme

Duration

Recovery

Energy Source

Fatiguing waste product

• Enzyme

• Duration

• Recovery

• Energy Source

• Fatiguing waste product

Multiple Select

Identify which statements are TRUE for the anaerobic glycolytic system

• High carbohydrate diets enhance this system

• The intensity and duration of the activity impacts the efficiency of ATP production

• Fat and protein can also be used within this system

• Oxygen is required to recover this system

• Also known as the lactate dehydrogenase system

When the intensity is low enough and the duration is sustained, the aerobic system is prioritised. There are 3 stages to the aerobic system...

​

Extended Question: Identify the person in the image. What factors make his aerobic system so efficient?

​Aerobic Energy System

This is almost the same as the anaerobic glycolytic system, except now that the intensity is lower, oxygen prevents pyruvate turning in to lactic acid.

Aerobic Glycolytic

These next two parts take place in the MITOCHONDRIA. This is famously known as the powerhouse of the cell

​​Krebs Cycle

​The final stage of the aerobic system, producing the most amount of ATP. Happens deep in the mitochondria -- the cristae

Electron Transport Chain

Working at a lower intensity, pyruvate now has time to convert in to Acetyl CoA, instead of lactic acid.

This phase still produces 2 ATP.

​This is known as aerobic glycolysis

Extended Question: How might temporarily reducing speed in a marathon support with pacing?

1st Stage: Aerobic Glycolytic Phase

Acetyl CoA enters the mitochondria through diffusion. Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA) acts as the enzyme, oxidising the Acetyl CoA, producing 2 more ATP.

CO2 and a HYDROGEN ion are also created during this process.

​Look at the image on the left; this cycle takes a long time to complete. If the intensity is too high, this cycle does not have time to complete. This causes pyruvate to convert in to lactic acid as it queues to enter the mitochondria

The hydrogen ion then passes on to the next section...

​2nd stage: Krebs Cycle

The Hydrogen ion enters the cristae of the mitochondria.

​The hydrogen is further oxidized and split, producing 34 more ATP. It also produces water as a waste product

How many ATP are produced across the three stages?

​3rd Stage: Electron Transport Chain

Match

Match the following

• Aerobic Glycolysis

• Krebs Cycle

• Electron Transport Chain

• CO2 and Water

• Low

1st Stage

2nd Stage

3rd Stage

Waste Products

Intensity of activity

• 1st Stage

• 2nd Stage

• 3rd Stage

• Waste Products

• Intensity of activity

Reorder

Reorder the following

• Aerobic Glycolysis produces 2 ATP

• Acetyl CoA diffuses in to the mitochondria

• Krebs Cycle begins - oxidizing Acetyl CoA

• 2 ATP and Hydrogen produced

• Electron transport Chain - 34 ATP

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Select

Which is NOT true for the aerobic energy system?

• Takes place really quickly

• Produces CO2 and Water

• Recovers between 1-48 hours

• Technically lasts an unlimited time

• There are 3 stages to this system

Dropdown

The first stage of the aerobic system is called the ​

Select answer

stage. This stage produces 2 ATP, but unlike the anaerobic glycolytic stage, does not produce ​

Select answer

. Pyruvate converts to Acetyl CoA, which diffuses in to the ​

Select answer

. The next stage is the ​

Select answer

, where OAA oxidizes the Acetyl CoA, producing 2 more ATP. It also produces a Hydrogen ion. The hydrogen then enters the ​

Select answer

where it is further broken down, producing 34 more ATP

Multiple Select

The advantages of the aerobic energy system are...

• Produces lots of ATP (38 in total)

• No fatiguing by-product (just CO2 & Water)

• Fats and protein can also be used

• Takes a long time to recover

• Works at a very high intensity

Takes long to produce ATP so the intensity of the activity should be low. More mitochondria in the body means more aerobic respiration

Aerobic system

The PC and the lactate system both work without oxygen being required. Both work at high intensities, creating ATP quickly

Two anaerobic systems

Summary

Match

Which factors would benefit each of the systems?

• Phosphocreatine System

• Lactate System

• Aerobic System

More creatine and 2x fibre types

High carbohydrate diet and type 2a fibre types

More mitochondria and myoglobin stores. Type 1 muscle fibres

• More creatine and 2x fibre types

• High carbohydrate diet and type 2a fibre types

• More mitochondria and myoglobin stores. Type 1 muscle fibres