Mutations

​Warm Up:

Transcribe and Translate the follow DNA strand:

DNA: T A C T C A C A A A T C
RNA:
Amino Acids:

MUTATIONS

A change in an organism's DNA. ​

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​

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: forms part of ribosomes, cell's protein factories

​ ​

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: brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make growing proteins.

​

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: intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

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rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

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To make a ​

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, a gene's DNA sequence is ​

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to a strand of ​

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. RNA is ​

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into chains of ​

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by ribosomes, and a protein is formed.

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protein

transcribed

RNA

translated

amino acids

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Three sequential ​mRNA bases form a ​

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for a particular ​

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. Each triplet is called a ​

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.

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triplet code

amino acid

codon

Know the different types of gene mutations and be able to identify them in a gene sequence.

​I Will...

Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.

​We Will...

WIN OF THE DAY...

​insertion

​Less harmful

​More harmful

​

​

​Point Mutation: one nucleotide is substituted for another

• could create a change or no change at all - (change could code for the same amino acid)

• 3 types: nonsense, missense, and silent

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​insertion

​Frameshift Mutation: insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

shift the entire sequence

​Point Mutation Example:

THE CAT ATE THE RAT - each 3 letter word represents a codon

THE CAT ATE THE MAT - substituting letter "R" with "M", did not affect the sequence of sentence.

Frameshift Mutation Example:

THE CAT ATE THE RAT - each 3 letter word represents a codon

THE ATA TET HER AT - deleting letter "C" from the sentence made

entire sentence incoherent.

Multiple Choice

Any change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides is called a —

• transgenic shift

• monohybrid trait

• single genotype

• mutation

Multiple Choice

A mutation that inserts or deletes a nucleotide is called a _____________

• Frameshift mutation

• Point Mutation

Multiple Choice

A mutation that substitutes a nucleotide for another is called a _____________

• Frameshift mutation

• Point Mutation

Multiple Choice

A mutation that inserts or deletes one or two nucleotides is usually more harmful than a mutation that substitutes one base for another because —

• it changes one amino acid in the sequence of a protein

• it shifts the reading frame for the rest of the code causing many errors

• the codon consists of three nucleotides coding for an amino acid

• the chromosomes fail to separate resulting in trisomy 21

Know the different types of gene mutations and be able to identify them in a gene sequence.

​I Will...

Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.

​We Will...

WIN OF THE DAY...

Silent

A nucleotide change in the DNA that does not result in an amino acid change in the protein (No change in protein)

Nonsense

point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon and protein

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Missense

a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid (change in protein)

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Multiple Choice

Following is an example of what type of mutation?

• Frameshift mutation

• Point mutaiton

Multiple Choice

Following is an example of what type of mutation?

• Frameshift mutation

• Point mutaiton

Open Ended

How is a frameshift mutation different from a point mutation?

​Mutations in somatic cells - affect only the organism

Mutations in germ cells - passed on to offspring

​evolution - change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

Multiple Choice

Which statements explain how a mutation in a somatic cell is different from a mutation that occurs in gametes?

• Somatic cell mutations occur in cells that give rise to gametes.

  Gamete mutations occur in cells that result in apoptosis.

• Somatic cell mutations are maintained in the gene pool.

  Gamete mutations are expelled from the gene pool.

• Somatic cell mutations are generally not passed to offspring.

  Gamete mutations are usually passed to offspring

• Somatic cell mutations will not be expressed by the individual that contains the mutation.

  Gamete mutations will be expressed by the individual.

Multiple Choice

Cell mutations within a DNA sequence are —

• unnatural events that are harmful to genetic diversity

• unnatural events that always affect the phenotype

• natural events that produce genetic diversity in organism

• natural events that always affect the phenotype

​ Point Mutation (missense) causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together, creating sickle- shaped red blood cells - affecting cell's ability to gain oxygen during gas exchange

​Mutation (frameshift/deletion) affects production of dystrophin, protein that protects muscle fibers from breaking down when exposed to enzymes.

Frameshift Mutation- changes protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells. These changes cause thick and sticky mucus and increase the amount of salt in sweat - unable to keep cell surface hydrated

Know the different types of gene mutations and be able to identify them in a gene sequence.

​I Will...

Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.

​We Will...

WIN OF THE DAY...

​Exit Ticket: on the back of "Pause and Review"

​1. Name and describe 2 types of mutations.

2. Why are mutations important?