Benchmark Reteach standards

Molecules That Help Cells

Function

4 main molecules Living things

Need from their food

1)Carbohydrates

2)Lipids (fats & oils)

3)Proteins

4)Nucleic Acids

1) CARBOHYDRATES

(“carbs/sugar”)

● Provides the cell with energy!

● Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

● Made from sugars

● Inside cell, sugars are broken down and turned into usable

energy for the cell

● Fruits give most energy in shortest amount of time

1) CARBOHYDRATES

(“carbs/sugar”)

▣
Plants make their own sugar(cellulose in cell
wall) and animals get theirs by eating plants
and animals (turned into glucose)

2) LIPIDS (Fats & oils)

● Used for storing energy and making structures

within the cell

● Cell membrane, nerve tissue, and hormone production

● Also help absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K

● Do not dissolve in water

● Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

3) PROTEINS

● Contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

● Used for: Growth,Tissue Repair, Muscle

movement, Immune Functions

Multiple Choice

Waxes, oils and fats are examples of

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of quick energy for living things?

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule stores energy, insulates us, and makes up the cell membrane?

• lipids
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a lipid?

• Candy
• Olive Oil(doesn't dissolve in water)

• DNA
• Meat

Multiple Choice

Building blocks of the body, hair , muscles etc.

• protein
• nucleic acid
• lipids
• carbohydrates

Glucose(Sugar) is food Which organsims use to make Energy

Organisms break down glucose through a cellular process called cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis- the process in which plants use sunlight to make glucose (sugar)

​Photosynthesis Equation-

Sunlight + carbon dioxide + water 🡪 sugar + oxygen


Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast organelle only found in plants

Cellular Respiration- the process in which organisms break down glucose/food to make energy

​Cellular Respiration Equation-

Glucose + Oxygen  🡪 Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Cellular Respiration happens in the Mitochondria organelle found in plant and animals.

Multiple Choice

What are the products of photosynthesis?

• oxygen and carbon dioxide
• oxygen and glucose
• carbon dioxide and water
• water and glucose

Multiple Choice

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?

• mitochondria
• cell membrane
• nucleus
• chloroplasts

Multiple Choice

Why do plants need sunlight for photosynthesis?

• The light creates heat needed for photosynthesis to occur

• The light provides the energy needed to power photosynthesis

• Plants can't absorb carbon dioxide in darkness

• Plants can't absorb water in darkness

Multiple Choice

Photosynthesis occurs in...

• Humans

• Animals

• Plants

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

During photosynthesis, the atoms in the water and carbon dioxide ________ to form oxygen and glucose.

• Change

• Multiply

• Rearrange

• Disappear

Multiple Choice

The two PRODUCTS of photosynthesis are

• Water and Oxygen

• Water and Carbon Dioxide

• Glucose and Oxygen

• Glucose and Carbon Dioxide

Multiple Choice

___ is the process that cells use to take energy from glucose.

• cellular respiration

• photosynthesis

• transpiration

• excretion

Multiple Choice

___ cells use the process of cellular respiration.

• nearly all

• mostly plant

• mostly animal

• mostly fungi

Multiple Choice

The ___ is the cell part (organelle) inside cells where cellular respiration happens.

• mitochondria

• chloroplast

• nucleus

• ribosome

Multiple Choice

___ is needed for cellular respiration, it comes from food.

• glucose

• water

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

Multiple Choice

Cellular respiration ___ energy.

• releases

• stores

• creates

• destroys

Multiple Choice

Cellular respiration ___ glucose molecules.

• breaks

• makes

• shakes

• wakes

Cycling of Matter

Biogeochemical Cycles

The cycling maintains homeostasis

(balance) in the environment as they

move from abiotic parts of an

ecosystem into biotic parts and back

again.

1. Water cycle

2. Carbon cycle

3. Nitrogen cycle

4. Phosphorus Cycle

All cycles change the matter

from one form to another

Water cycle-

•Water changes

through the

following
processes:
Evaporation,
transpiration,
condensation,
precipitation

Carbon cycle-

•Carbon cycles through out Earth and can be found

in the atmosphere, bodies of water, in rocks and

soil, in organisms and in fossil fuels

•All living things are organic, meaning they contain

carbon.

Carbon cycle-

•Carbon cycles has two major processes in it to
move carbon back and forth between living things
and the atmosphere: Photosynthesis and cellular

respiration.

•Photosynthesis does the important job of taking

carbon dioxide out of the air and turning it into

usable oxygen for the animals

•

Multiple Choice

TRUE or FALSE?
All of the carbon in existence is continually recycled in the carbon cycle.

• True
• False

Multiple Choice

How is the carbon cycle similar to the water cycle?

• Both involve liquid substances falling to the Earth from the atmosphere?

• Neither process works at low temperature.

• Both involve the transfer of substances between animals, plants, and the Earth.

• Both involve the transfer of substances between the earth and outer space.

Multiple Choice

Respiration is the process by which animals take in _____ and release _____. 

• photosynthesis, air
• carbon, oxygen
• oxygen
• oxygen, carbon dioxide

Multiple Choice

Which gas do animals release, that plants depend on for survival?

• Carbon dioxide

• Oxygen

• Sunlight

• Water

Multiple Choice

Which one of these does not add CO2 to the atmosphere?

• cooking with gas
• planting trees
• burning wood
• riding in a bus

Flow of Energy

Energy

• Energy- the ability to do work

–The original source of energy comes

from the sun

–Most energy is lost as heat

First Trophic Levels

Producer- make their

own food using
photosynthesis and
sunlight

• Autotrophic

• Ex: Plants, Algae

Consumer- they eat food containing

the sun’s energy like plants or other
animals

• Heterotrophic

�Herbivores-eat plants (primary

Consumer)

�Carnivores-eat meat (secondary

consumer)

�Omnivores-eat plants and animals

(secondary consumer)

Second/ Third Trophic Levels

Decomposer
• Breakdown dead and

decaying plants and
animals (organic matter)

• Returns nutrients to the

environment

• Heterotrophic
• Examples:

– Earthworms
– Mushrooms
– Fungi

Trophic Levels

Multiple Choice

A tree

• Producer

• Primary Consumer

• Secondary Consumer

• Decomposer

Multiple Choice

A squirrel eating a nut

• Producer

• Primary Consumer

• Secondary Consumer

• Decomposer

Multiple Choice

Fungi decaying a tree stump

• Producer

• Primary Consumer

• Secondary Consumer

• Decomposer

Multiple Choice

A hawk eating a lizard

• Producer

• Primary Consumer

• Secondary Consumer

• Decomposer

Ecological Pyramid

• Energy Pyramid-

a tool used to
trace the flow of
energy through an
ecosystem and
trophic levels

• At each step going

up energy, mass
and organisms are
lost

🡨 Only 10 % go up

Don’t forget to draw your
pyramid and labels

90% lost
as heat

Multiple Choice

Which level contains the plants?

• Level A

• Level B

• Level C

• Level D

Multiple Choice

Which level contains the herbivores?

• Level A

• Level B

• Level C

• Level D

Multiple Choice

Which level contains the tertiary consumers?

• Level A

• Level B

• Level C

• Level D

Multiple Choice

Which level contains the tertiary carnivores?

• Level A

• Level B

• Level C

• Level D

Multiple Choice

Which level has the most energy?

• Level A

• Level B

• Level C

• Level D

Multiple Choice

Which organism uses the energy of the sun?

• Algae

• Water Fleas

• Minnows

• Bass

Multiple Choice

Which organism is considered an autotrophic?

• Algae

• Water Fleas

• Minnows

• Bass

Multiple Choice

Which organism is considered an secondary consumer?

• Algae

• Water Fleas

• Minnows

• Bass

Multiple Choice

Which organism is considered an primary consumer?

• Algae

• Water Fleas

• Minnows

• Bass

Multiple Choice

As you go up th energy pyramid the energy

• increases

• decreases

Food chain- the flow of energy

transfer from producers to
consumers by eating

• Energy comes from the sun
• Arrows Point in the direction of

energy flow

Food Chain

• Sunlight -> Producer -> Primary -> Secondary -> Tertiary
consumer consumer consumer

Food web- shows

all possible
feeding
relationships in an
ecosystem

• A bunch of

interconnected
food chains

What is a food web?

Multiple Choice

Which organism is the herbivore in the food web?

• Grass

• Bird

• Grasshopper

• Fox

Multiple Choice

Which organism is the producer in the food web?

• Grass

• Bird

• Grasshopper

• Fox

Multiple Choice

Which organism is the carnivore in the food web?

• Grass

• Bird

• Grasshopper

• Fox

Multiple Choice

Which organism is the Omnivore in the food web?

• Grass

• Bird

• Grasshopper

• Fox

Multiple Choice

Identify a predator/prey relationship from the food web.

• bird and grains

• Owl and mice

• Foxes and carrots

• Birds and mice

Multiple Choice

In a food web arrows point in just one direction because they show

• how energy got to the animal that is eaten

• how energy goes to the animal that is eating

• which animal is `bigger

• which animals are related

Relationships in Ecosystems

Competition

Competition-a relationship that
occurs when two or more organisms
need the same resources at the same
time

Competition

�

Can occur between the same species
(plants compete for light) or different
species (hyenas and vultures compete
for dead animals)

�

Usually results in a decrease in a
population of the species

Cooperation

�

Organisms working
together to benefit
each other

�

Examples:
�

Killer whales hunt in
pods (groups)

�

Bees take on
different roles and
responsibilities for
the hive (queen bee,
worker bee, drone)

Predator vs. Prey

• Predation-an interaction between species in which one

species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)

• The predator and prey population sizes change:

– Prey population ↑, the Predator population ↑
– Predator population ↑, the Prey population ↓

Symbiotic Relationships

Symbiosis- two different speciesliving

together

3 Types of
symbiosis:

1. Commensalism

2. Parasitism

3. Mutualism

Symbiotic Relationships

Commensalism-

one species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped

Ex. orchids on a tree
Ex. Jellyfish and fish

Symbiotic Relationships

Parasitism- one species benefits

(parasite) and the other is harmed
(host)

• Parasite should not kill the host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks, tapeworm

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism-

beneficial to
both species

Ex. cleaning birds

on rhinos and
Bees with
flowers

Type of
relationship

Species
harmed

Species
benefits

Species
neutral

Commensalism

Parasitism

Mutualism

= 1 species

Multiple Choice

Organisms working together

• Mutualism

• Predator

• Symbiosis

• Competition

Multiple Choice

One species benefits, the other species is harmed

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• Parasitism

Multiple Choice

Both species benefit

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• Parasitism

Multiple Choice

One species benefits, the other species is unaffected

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• Parasitism

Multiple Choice

An organism that hunts or kills another organism

• Prey

• Predator

• Competition

• Cooperation

Multiple Choice

When an species needs the same resource as another species at the same time

• Prey

• Predator

• Competition

• Cooperation

Multiple Choice

What type of relationship is described here?

 

A type of bacteria lives in the roots of plants. The bacteria helps the plants obtain nutrients. The roots are a moist home, which helps the bacteria grow and reproduce

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

Multiple Choice

What type of relationship is described here?

 

The fungus known as "chicken of the woods" grows on trees. The fungus breaks down the tree and gets its nutrients thatway. The tree decays, gets weak, and becomes very vulnerable to extreme weather.

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

Multiple Choice

What type of relationship is described here?

 

 Cattle Egrets are a type of bird commonly found on farms. As cattle, horses, and other livestock graze (eat grass) on the field,they cause movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catchand feed upon them

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Commensalism