STAAR 22-23

​Levels of Organization

​Organisms can be studied according to their interactions with their external environment

​Organisms can be studied according to their internal composition, internal processes, their systems

and how they relate

to one another.

Organism

Levels smaller than Organism

Levels
bigger
than

Organism

An Organism is any individual
living thing. It can be a plant,
a person, any kind of animal.

● The atom is the smallest unit of matter.
● Nonliving
● All living things are made up of six types of atoms, carbon,

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur (CHNOPS).

ATOM

● Molecules are many atoms bonded together.
● Nonliving
● Molecules found in living things are called biomolecules and they are

organized into four groups; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids.

MOLECULE

● Organelles are structures with specific functions found inside

of cells. They are formed by multiple types of biomolecules
bonding together to create a microscopic structure.

● Nonliving

ORGANELLE

●A cell is the smallest

unit of life. There are
two types of cells:
Eukaryotic cells and
Prokaryotic cells.

●Living

CELL

● Tissue is made of multiple cells with the same function working

together as a whole unit.

● Living
● Animals, plants, fungus, and some multicellular protists all have a variety of

tissues.

TISSUE

● Organs are multiple tissue layers and cells working together as a

complete structure.

● Living
● Both plants and animals have of organs for growth, development, nutrient

transport and reproduction.

ORGAN

● Organ systems or body systems are a collection of organs, tissues, and cells

working together to maintain specific life functions.

● Living
● Multicellular complex organisms have body systems for activities such as growing,

reproduction, and nutrient intake.

ORGAN SYSTEM

●An organism is composed of various body systems, organs,

tissue, and cells cooperatively working together.

●Living

ORGANISM

● A population is a group of organisms making up the same species.
● Living
● All the organisms in a population are genetically similar enough to

reproduce together and pass successful traits down through the
generations.

POPULATION

● A community is a group of multiple species living and interacting in a

small local area.

● Living
● Examples of communities would be ponds, tidal pools, a park, or even a

backyard garden.

COMMUNITY

● Ecosystems are made up of large populations of diverse species

living, interacting, and inhabiting a large area.

● Living
● Tropical rainforest, hot dry desert, estuaries are examples of

ecosystems.

ECOSYSTEM

● A biome is made up of multiple ecosystems with one common dominant feature

such as water or trees.

● Living
● Biomes represent thousands of miles of geographic locations.
● The aquatic biome is made up of both marine and freshwater ecosystems.

BIOME

●The biosphere is ALL the

layers of Earth where life
can be found.

●Living

BIOSPHERE

Multiple Choice

Which sequence represents the levels of organization found in a multicellular organism, from smallest to largest?

• cell-tissue-organ-organ system

• organ system-organ-tissue-cell

• tissue-organ-organ system-cell

• cell-organ system-organ-tissue

Fill in the Blank

Students construct a graphic organizer to illustrate the different levels of biological organization:

Organ - Organ system - _________ - Population - Community

Which term correctly fills the blank?

Multiple Choice

Which answer choice best describes community?

• Praying mantises carring for their young

• Three-spined sticklebacks living in estuaries

• Different species of lizards living in the same area in the desert

• Roosting mother bats recognizing their offspring

Multiple Choice

The human body is composed of organ systems. Which list represents a system organized from least to most complex?

• heart-cardiac muscle-muscle tissue-muscle cell

• lung tissue-traquea-nostrils-circulatory system

• muscle cell-muscle tissue-biceps muscle-muscular system

• integumentary system-skin cell-hair-sweat glands

Multiple Choice

The diagrams show some of the levels of biological organization. In what order are the levels in the diagram?

• population-community-ecosystem

• organism-community-population

• organism-population-community

• Ecosystem-population-community

Multiple Choice

Recent studies in bone research indicate that using ultrasound on a broken bone can decrease the healing time by 25%. Which of these are the most basic levels of organization involved when a bone heals?

• Cells and tissue

• Cells and organ system

• Organ system and organism

• Tissue and organ system

Open Ended

The table shows some observations made by four students during a field trip to a nature area. Which student made observations of a community of organisms? Justify your answer based on the information on the table.

Multiple Choice

A science class is planning a field trip to a local farm that has a pond. Which of the following lists the order of biological organization from smallest to largest that the students can expect to find at the pond?

• Organism, community, population, ecosystem

• Organism, population, community, ecosystem

• Population, organism, community, ecosystem

• Population, organism, ecosystem, community

http://rlbbio2.weebly.com/biomolecules.html

Biomolecules: Carbohydrates

→ POLYMERS made up from from a MONOMER called
MONOSACCHARIDE

→ Elements: C, H, O

→ Examples: Glucose, Cellulose, Fructose,
Starch, Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose

→ Function: QUICK ENERGY (fast release) and
STRUCTURE (IN PLANTS)

→ Source: BREAD, PASTA, FRUITS, STARCHY VEGETABLES

C is carbon

H is hydrogen

O is oxygen

N is nitrogen

P is phosphorus

Biomolecules: Lipids

→ Made up of 3 FATTY ACIDS and 1 GLYCEROL

→ Elements: C, H, O

→ Examples: WAXES, OILS, STEROLS,
CHOLESTEROL, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS,
MONO, DI AND TRIGLYCERIDES,
PHOSPHOLIPIDS

→ Function: LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE
AND INSULATION

→ Source: BUTTER, OILS, AVOCADOS, FATTY CHEESE, NUTS

C is carbon

H is hydrogen

O is oxygen

N is nitrogen

P is phosphorus

Biomolecules: Proteins

→ POLYMER of the MONOMER called
AMINO ACIDS

→ Elements: C, H, O, N

→ Examples: Insulin, Keratin,
Collagen, Enzymes, Hemoglobin

→ Functions: TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES,
SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF CELLS, GENE
EXPRESSION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION

→ Source: MEAT, EGGS, CHEESE, NUTS

C is carbon

H is hydrogen

O is oxygen

N is nitrogen

P is phosphorus

Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids

→ POLYMER of a MONOMER called NUCLEOTIDE

→ Elements: C, H, O, N, P

→ Function: STORAGE AND EXPRESSION
OF GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA and RNA). SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN CELLS (ATP)

→ Examples: DNA, RNA and ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate)
→ Sources: With the exception of highly
Processed drinks and candies, practically all
Food from natural sources contains DNA and
RNA. Recent researches point mushrooms a mains source.

C is carbon

H is hydrogen

O is oxygen

N is nitrogen

P is phosphorus

Biomolecules - Comparison Chart

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

→ POLYMERS made up
from from a MONOMER
called
MONOSACCHARIDE

→ Elements: C, H, O

→ Function: QUICK
ENERGY and
STRUCTURE (IN
PLANTS)

→ Examples: Glucose,
Cellulose, Fructose,
Starch, Lactose,
Maltose, Sucrose

→ Made up of 3 FATTY
ACIDS and 1
GLYCEROL

→ Elements: C, H, O

→ Function: LONG
TERM ENERGY
STORAGE,
INSULATION

→ Examples: WAXES,
OILS, STEROLS,
CHOLESTEROL,
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS,
MONO, DI AND
TRIGLYCERIDES,
PHOSPHOLIPIDS

→ POLYMER of the
MONOMER called
AMINO ACIDS

→ Elements: C, H, O, N

→ Function: TRANSPORT OF
SUBSTANCES,
SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF
CELLS, GENE
EXPRESSION, MUSCLE
CONTRACTION

→ Examples: Insulin,
Keratin,
Collagen, Enzymes,
Hemoglobin

→ POLYMER of a
MONOMER called
NUCLEOTIDE

→ Elements: C, H, O, N,
P

→ Function: STORAGE
AND EXPRESSION
OF GENETIC MATERIAL

→ Examples: DNA, RNA,
ATP

Multiple Choice

Which statements best compare the function of proteins and lipids in a human cell?

• Proteins provide energy for cellular processes.

  Lipids catalize chemical reactions inside the cell.

• Proteins catalize chemical reactions inside the cell.

  Lipids allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell.

• Proteins allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell.

  Lipids store genetic information for cells.

• Proteins store genetic information for cells.

  Lipids provide energy for cellular processes.

Open Ended

Compare the functions of ATP molecules and DNA molecules.

Dropdown

A student makes a Venn diagram to compare the functions of carbohydrates and lipids. Which cellular function of carbohydrates and lipids should be placed in the shared section of the Venn diagram?​ ​ ​

Select answer

Multiple Choice

A table of four types of carbohydrates is shown. Which list correctly matches the functions to the types of carbohydrates?

• Energy: glycogen and starch

  Structure: cellulose and chitin

• Energy: cellulose and chitin

  Structure: glycogen and starch

• Energy: chitin and glycogen

  Structure: cellulose and starch

• Energy: cellulose and starch

  Structure: chitin and glycogen

Multiple Choice

Transmembrane proteins span the width of cell membranes. Four types of transmembrane proteins are shown. Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all

• Stop chemical reactions within the cell

• synthesize molecules that signal other cells

• Help the cell interact with the internal and external environment

• remove large waste particles from the cytoplasn of the cell

Multiple Choice

Students were given a list of seven elements and asked to identify the four elements that are most abundant in biomolecules. Which table correctly identifies the four most abundant elements in biomolecules?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA. Which of the following can be used to distinguish (tell the difference) between one nucleotide from the other?

• The nitrogenous bases

• The shape of the deoxyribose sugar

• The length of the phosphate group

• The type of the fatty acid

CELLS

As we reviewed last class, CELLS are the smallest and fundamental unit of life. CELLS ARE ALIVE.
CELLS can be PROKARYOTIC (no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles) or EUKARYOTIC. (contain
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).

Inside the cells we find ORGANELLES, small structures (organelle means small organ) made of
MOLECULES, which perform specific jobs for the cell.

Cells are separated from one another and from their external environment (the extracellular fluid)
by a CELL MEMBRANE.

If you like analogies, imagine two eggs frying together,
Yet their whites are not mixing because around them there is this
Border-like line that keeps the “inside” inside.

That is the job of the cell membrane - to keep the inside, inside;
The outside, outside, and yet allowing the communication between
Those two environments, allowing certain things to move in or out.

Cell Types

Prokaryotic
Cells

Eukaryotic
Cells

Both

• No nuclear membrane around

its chromosome (DNA)

• No membrane bound

organelles

• Single, circular chromosome
• Simpler and smaller in size

• Kingdoms: Eubacteria &

Archaebacteria

• Has a nuclear membrane around

its chromosomes (DNA)

• Has membrane bound

organelles

• Linear paired chromosomes
• Complex and larger in size

• Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, & Animalia

DNA

Ribosomes

Cell

Membrane

Cytoplasm

Open Ended

The presence of which organelles in eukaryotic cells is evidence of Endosymbiotic Theory?

Multiple Choice

A prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell are shown. Which characteristic best distinguishes these cells as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

• The organization of the genetic material

• The location of the cytoplasm

• The role of the cell membrane

• The function of the flagela

Multiple Choice

Students created note cards comparing characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Which set of note cards most accurately compares these cells?

• F

• G

• H

• I

Dropdown

Students use a microscope to look for structures present in four different cells. These students placed an X for each structure that was viewed for each cell on the table shown. Which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote ? ​

Select answer

Open Ended

The picture shows a student using a microscope to study a prepared slide of a single-celled organism. A single-celled organism can be classified as a prokaryote based on the absence of

Multiple Choice

Some students used information they gathered from lab investigations to prepare a table. They entered the table in their lab notebooks. Which of these correctly identifies the two cells described in the table?

• Cell 1 is eukaryotic and cell 2 is prokaryotic

• Cell 1 is prokaryotic and cell 2 is eukaryotic

• Both cell 1 and cell 2 are eukaryotic

• Both cell 1 and cell 2 are prokaryotic

Organelles and their functions

1. Cell Wall-
Structure and support (not
found in animal cells)

4. Chloroplast-Photosynthesis
(not found in animal nor fungi
cells)

12. Cytoplasm-
Gives shape & fluidity for
movement within the cell

2. Cell Membrane-
Boundary & transport
in and out of cell

9. Nucleus- Holds
DNA and controls the
cell

Centrioles- help move chromosomes during mitosis

Cytoskeleton- Gives internal structure and transport within cell

7. Ribosomes-
Protein synthesis

6. Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum- Transports
materials and assists with
making proteins

3. Vacuole-

Storage for water
and nutrients

5. Vesicle-
Stores and transports
cell material

8. Mitochondria-

Aerobic cellular respiration;
makes ATP

11. Golgi Apparatus-

Sorts, modifies, & packages
products (like proteins) for
transport

10. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum- Transports
material and makes lipids

​ Cell Membrane and cell transport

Cell Membrane, a phospholipid bilayer

Functions

- to regulate what enters and exits a cell: selectively or semipermeable
- assists in cell communication
- assists in homeostasis
- serves as the boundary between internal and external environments

Outside Cell (facing
environment)

Hydrophilic Region

Hydrophobic Region

Hydrophilic Region

Inside Cell (facing
cytoplasm)

Cell Transport-The movement of molecules across the cell
membrane in order to maintain homeostasis, a balanced state of dynamic equilibrium.

Passive Transport

- The movement of molecules

with the gradient (from an
area of high to an area of low
concentration)

- Does not require energy

Active Transport

- The movement of molecules

against the gradient (from an
area of low to an area of high
concentration)

- Does require energy (ATP)

concentration
gradient

concentration
gradient

Types of Transport

Active Transport- (low to high)
- Protein Pumps

- passing across the membrane

through a protein; i.e. Na-K Pump,
minerals moving into root systems

- Endocytosis

- Bulk movement entering a cell

- Exocytosis

- Bulk movement exiting a cell

Passive Transport- (high to low)
- Simple Diffusion

- passing across the membrane; i.e. CO2, O2

- Facilitated Diffusion

- passing across the membrane through a

carrier protein; i.e. glucose

- Osmosis

- Passing of water across the membrane

Osmosis Outcomes

Hypotonic Solutions

Isotonic Solutions

Hypertonic Solutions

Cell swells &
either bursts
(animal) or
becomes
turgid (plants)

Cell shrinks
(crenates in
animals or
plasmolyzes
in plants

Cell
remains the
same size

Net water
movement
into the cell

Net water
movement
out of the
cell

No net
movement
of water –
dynamic
equilibrium

Open Ended

Which type of movement accross a cell`s plasma membrane requires energy supplied by ATP?

Open Ended

Describe the process of osmosis in an animal cell.

Multiple Choice

Which table correctly identifies how the plasma membrane contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Open Ended

Which type of transport is described in the picture? Justify your answer.

Multiple Choice

The diagram illustrates the activity of vesicles during a cellular process. Which statement best explains the function of the vesicles?

• Delivering packaged materials to the Golgi Apparatus for protein synthesis

• Exchanging genetic information between the Golgi aparatuses of separate cellsp

• Extracting portions of the Golgi apparatus to be regenerated for growth within the cell

• Transporting packaged molecules from the Golgi apparatus to be released out of the cell

Multiple Choice

The picture shows a contractile vacuole of a unicellular freshwater organism. The contractile vacuole regulates the flow of water into and out of the cell in an aquatic environment. What conditions cause the contractile vacuole to fill with water?

• The concentration of water is greater outside the cell than inside the cell

• The temperature of water inside the vacule is higher than the temperature of its environment.

• The concentration of water inside the cell is the same as the concentration outside the cell

• The temperature of water inside the vacule is lower than the temperature of its environment.

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows cellular activity accross a cell membrane. Which two processes does this diagram most directly model?

• Energy conversions and synthesis of new molecules

• Synthesis of new molecules and homeostasis

• Transport of molecules and energy conversions

• homeostasis and transport of molecules

Multiple Choice

Some students used vinager to dissolve away the shells of three eggs and used these eggs as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in the eggs when they were placed in different solutions. Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?

• The cell membrane is an impermeable barrier that prevents water from entering the cell

• The cell membrane allows solutes to enter the cell, which causes the cell to shrink

• The cell membrane allows water to enter and leave the cell

• The cell membrane removes solutes from the environment.

Open Ended

The cellular process known as sodium-potassium pump was discovered in 1950 by Jean Christian Skou, a Danish scientist. This process is a form of active transport that moves three sodium ions outside of a cell for every two potassium ions that it moves into the cell. Explain why energy is needed for active transport.

VIRUSES

Viruses are pathogenic
agents. Pathogens cause
diseases.

Viruses are not living
organisms.

Only after infecting a host cell
and using that cell`s
processes, a virus can create
copies of itself (replicate),
spreading more viruses in the
affected organism.

Viruses can not be killed.
There are no drugs to kill
viruses. There are vaccines,
to prevent or decrease the
infection. There are drugs to
treat the symptoms.

Viruses are way smaller than
bacteria, which are way
smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Virus Structure

●DNA or RNA - Like cells, viruses contain genetic material.

●CAPSID - Protect the virus genome (genetic material)

●SPIKES - Enable the attachment to a host cell

●ENVELOPE - not all viruses have envelope. Envelopes facilitate
the entry of the virus into the host cell by altering the permeability of
cell membrane, allowing the interaction of virus-host cell

Reproduction of Viruses

Short word, short cycle.

The lytic cycle is the short cycle of a viral
infection. This means that once the
infection takes place, in few days
symptoms will appear. Example: cold, flu.

Long word, long cycle.

The lysogenic cycle is the long cycle of a
viral infection. Once the infection takes
place, the genetic material of the virus mixes with the genetic material of cell but the virus stays dormant in the cell,
until some environmental or genetic signal "wakes up" the virus and the assembly of new copies start, which is the beginning of the lytic phase, when the symptoms will appear. Example:
HIV/SIDA

CELLS AND VIRUSES COMPARISON

Multiple Choice

Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus type I. A company that wants to develop antiviral drugs should ask a research immunologist to study

• The mechanism used by the virus to infect cells

• how closely related the virus is to cold viruses

• the metabolism of the virus

• meiosis in the virus

Multiple Choice

A photograph of a virus is shown. The projections on the surface of a virus allows the virus to

• move inside a host cell

• attach to a host cell

• control a host cell`s DNA

• signal other viruses to infect a host cell

Multiple Choice

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an illness caused by a coronavirus. Symptoms including a high fever, headaches, and body aches typically occur two to seven days after the infection of the virus. SARS is more serious in elderly patients. This information suggests that the reproductive cycle of the SARS virus is

• lysogenic, because the virus is a coronavirus

• lytic, because the virus causes respiratory disease

• lysogenic, because the virus primarily affects older people

• lytic, because of the quick onset of symptons after infection

Multiple Choice

A person infected with HIV may not have any symptoms for a period of time. During this period, the virus affects the body by doing which of the following?

• The virus produces toxins that weaken the immune system and prevent them from reproducing

• The virus damages immune cells while using their machinery to produce copies of itself

• The virus uses nutrients meant for immune cells to fuel its own cellular respiration

• The virus changes the identity of the nucleotides of immune cells to prevent the immune system from functioning normally.

Open Ended

What is the difference in the function of the glycoprotein structures of a HIV virion and the cilia in an animal cell?

Multiple Choice

Which of these best describes the differences between cells and viruses?

• Cells contain protein and viruses contain only carbohydrates

• Viruses have flagela and cells only have cilia.

• Cells reproduce independently and viruses require a host cell to reproduce

• Viruses have membranes made of protein and cells have membrane made of nucleic acid.

Multiple Choice

In 1880, Louis Pasteur developed a method of weakening viruses. The weakened viruses could be injected into healthy individuals. How is this method effective in fighting viral diseases?

• The immune system develops antibodies in response to the weakend viruses

• The weakened viruses attach to unaffected viruses in the host and interrupt the viral reproductive cycle

• The rate of genetic mutation in the host is decreased due to the introduction of weakened viruses

• Weakened viruses are unable to enter the host organism

Photosynthesis

This process happens only in plants, for this
process is how plants produce their own food
(glucose).

Photosynthesis happens in the
CHLOROPLASTS of plants.

Plants absorb water, carbon dioxide and
radiant energy from the sun, producing
glucose, ATP and releasing oxygen.

There are two photosynthetic reactions: Light
dependent reaction, where light energy
breaks down water molecules to produce
ATP. And light independent reaction (Calvin
Cycle) where molecules of glucose and other
carbohydrates are formed.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration:
conversion of
glucose into ATP.

Aerobic Respiration:
uses the oxygen
gathered during the
process of
breathing to
breakdown glucose
(sugars) from food
to form carbon
dioxide, water and
energy.

It happens in the
Cytoplasm
(glycolysis) and in
the mitochondria.

Anaerobic
Respiration:
Breaks down
glucose to produce
energy without
oxygen. In the lack
of oxygen, less
energy is
produced.

It happens in the
Cytoplasm, through
a process called
fermentation.

I

In lactic acid

fermentation, pyruvate
from glycolysis changes
to lactic acid. This type

of fermentation is
carried out by the

bacteria in yogurt, and

by your own muscle

cells.

In alcoholic

fermentation, pyruvate
changes to alcohol and

carbon dioxide. This

type of fermentation is
carried out by yeasts
and some bacteria.

Multiple Choice

Which of these statements best explain the process of energy conversion that takes place in the mitochondria?

• Energy is required for caron dioxide to molecules to form six carbon sugar molecules

• Water molecule and radiant energy are necessary for anaerobic respiration to take place

• Oxygen molecules release energy in the form of heat during combustion reactions

• The energy in the bonds of glucose molecules is transferred to the phosphate bonds in ATP

Multiple Choice

Which molecule sinthesized by plants is a major source of energy for cellular processes in both plants and animals?

• Wax

• Nucleic Acid

• Glucose

• Chlorophil

Multiple Choice

When mammals get an infection, their internal body temperature rises 2 or 3 degrees Celsius. The body gets the energy it needs to react to an infection by

• increasing the rate of cellular division

• decreasing the rate of glucose movement into the cell

• increasing the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria

• decreasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the cell

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows molecules that a mitochondrion uses and produces during a cellular process. Which other molecule is a product of this process?

• DNA

• RNA

• C6H12O6

• ATP

Fill in the Blank

The graph shows the oxygen consumed by an athlete during different stages of training. Based on the graph, which process is occurring between minute 5 and minute 10? _________________

Taxonomy and Classification

Essential Question: Is there a pattern to life’s

diversity?

Taxonomy - What is it???

● Taxonomy is the SCIENCE of

NAMING and CLASSIFYING
organisms.

● Scientists use the DIFFERENT

CHARACTERISTICS of organisms
to SORT them into groups

How are organisms classified?

●Scientists start by looking at SIMILARITIES in STRUCTURE
and FUNCTION
○

Type of CELL

○

UNIcellular or MULTIcellular

○

Mode of REPRODUCTION

○

Mode of NUTRITION

○

Ability to MOVE

Levels of

Classification

Each level is called a

TAXON

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC
NAME

How do we name organisms?

●

CARL LINNAEUS is known
as the FATHER of
TAXONOMY

●

Linnaeus developed the
two word naming system
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Rules of Binomial Nomenclature

●

Each organism is given a SCIENTIFIC NAME (also
called a STANDARDIZED NAME) based on its GENUS and
SPECIES

●

Always written in LATIN

●

GENUS is written FIRST, SPECIES is written SECOND

●

The GENUS is ALWAYSCAPITALIZED, the SPECIES is NOT

●

Scientific names are either UNDERLINED or
ITALICIZED

Example:

Ursus maritimus
(genus)

Polar bear

Lower case

Capitalized

(species)

Why Classify??

Reason #1:

●

To NAME organisms and GROUP them in a logical
manner

Why Classify??

Reason #2:

●

To avoid CONFUSION
caused by one
organism having
SEVERAL COMMON
NAMES

“Miss Oliver, how do you expect me to remember all of
that????”

●

Domain

●

Kingdom

●

Phylum

●

Class

●

Order

●

Family

●

Genus

●

Species

●

Did

●

King

●

Phillip

●

Come

●

Over

●

For

●

Great

●

Spaghetti?

Domains are the BROADEST LEVEL

●

The 3 Domains are:
○

Archaea

○

Bacteria

○

Eukarya

●

ARCHAEA and BACTERIA
contain all PROKARYOTES

●

EUKARYA contains all
EUKARYOTES

Domains are the BROADEST LEVEL

●

Each TAXON following
DOMAIN gets more
SPECIFIC

●

SPECIES is the most
SPECIFIC taxon
(containing only 1 type
of organism)

Kingdoms

●

Once a scientist has determined the DOMAIN and
organism belongs to, they need to decide which
KINGDOM it belongs to

●

Organisms are grouped into KINGDOMS based on:
○

Type of CELL

○

How they OBTAIN ENERGY

○

How MANY CELLS they are made of

○

How COMPLEX they are

Kingdoms

● There are 6 KINGDOMS

○

Archaebacteria

○

Eubacteria

○

Protista

○

Fungi

○

Plantae

○

Animalia

In your packet, label they type of cell
each kingdom is classified as

Kingdom: Archaebacteria

Pro or Euk: PROKARYOTIC (BACTERIA)

Cell Wall: YES; Made of LIPIDS

Uni or Multi: UNICELLULAR

Auto or Hetero: AUTOTROPHIC

Mobile or Immobile: BOTH

Sexual or Asexual: ASEXUAL

Ecological
Importance:

BASIS OF MANY FOOD
CHAINS

Halophiles

Kingdom: Eubacteria

Pro vs Euk: PROKARYOTIC

Cell Wall: YES; MADE OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Multi or Uni: UNICELLULAR, MICROSCOPIC

Auto or Hetero: BOTH

Mobile or Immobile: BOTH

Sexual or Asexula: ASEXUAL (Binary Fission)

Ecological
Importance:

FOOD PRODUCTION,
DECOMPOSERS, SOME
CAUSE ILLNESS

E.coli

Eubacteria

Eubacteria can live pretty much anywhere!

●

In the soil

●

On your skin

●

In your mouth

●

In your intestines (guts)

●

They are on your phone or chromebook!

Some make you sick, but some are helpful!

Kingdom: Protista

Pro or Euk: EUKARYOTIC

Cell Wall: YES AND NO

Multi or Uni: MOST ARE UNICELLULAR

Auto or Hetero: BOTH

Mobile or Immobile: BOTH

Sexual or Asexual: BOTH

Ecological
Importance:

ALGAE ARE PRODUCERS

Amoeba, paramecium and
euglena

Protista AKA the “junk drawer” Kingdom

Protozoa are mobile, animal-like Protists

Algae are immobile, plant-like Protists

Kingdom: Fungi

Pro or Euk: EUKARYOTIC

Cell Wall: YES, MADE OF CHITIN

Uni or Multi: YEAST IS UNICELLULAR, ALL OTHERS
MULTICELLULAR

Auto or Hetero: HETEROTROPHIC - DECOMPOSERS

Mobile or Immobile: IMMOBILE

Sexual or Asexual: SEXUAL

Ecological
Importance:

MEDICINE, FOOD,
DECOMPOSERS

MUSHROOM

Some Fungi can make you SICK

Yeast Infections

Athlete’s Foot

Bread Mold

ALL CAUSED BY FUNGI!!

Kingdom: Plantae

Pro or Euk: EUKARYOTIC

Cell Wall: YES, MADE OF CELLULOSE

Multi or Uni: MULTICELLULAR

Auto or Hetero: AUTOTROPHS

Mobile or Immobile: IMMOBILE

Sexual or Asexual: SEXUAL

Ecological
Importance:

FOOD, OXYGEN,
BUILDING SUPPLIES

Kingdom: Animalia

Pro or Euk: EUKARYOTIC

Cell Wall: NO CELL WALL

Multi or Uni: MULTICELLULAR

Auto or Hetero: HETEROTROPHIC

Mobil or Immobile: MOBILE

Sexual or Asexual: SEXUAL

Ecological
Importance:

Food chains

DICHOTOMOUS KEYS & CLADOGRAMS

Dichotomous Keys

●

DICHOTOMOUS KEY: a tool used to FIND and IDENTIFY
an organism

●

DICHOTOMOUS means “divided into two parts”
○

In a Dichotomous Key, you always get two choices
in each step

Cladograms

●

CLADOGRAMS: Diagrams
used to show
EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS between
organisms

Indicates a
divergence
(difference)

Practice:

Using the Dichotomous Key in your packet, identify
these aliens!

Practice:

1.

What characteristic
do Birds and
Crocodiles have in
common?

2.

At which
characteristic do
Primates diverge
from Amphibians?

How are organisms classified?

●

Then they look at other factors such as
EVOLUTIONARY CONNECTIONS (phylogeny), HABITAT, and
NICHE

The more TAXONOMIC

LEVELS that two
organisms SHARE,
the more CLOSELY
RELATED they are.

Examples:

Organism

Cat

Wolf

Fly

Kingdom

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Chordata

Arthropoda

Class

Mammalia

Mammalia

Insecta

Order

Carnivora

Carnivora

Diptera

Family

Felidae

Canidae

Muscidae

Genus

Felis

Canis

Musca

Species

F.

domesticus

C. lupus

M. domestica

How are organisms in
PLANTAE and
ANIMALIA different
from each other?

Which kingdoms
reproduce both
sexually and
asexually?

Which kingdoms
contain
DECOMPOSERS?

Which kingdoms
contain ONLY
multicellular
organisms?