Industrialization and Nationalism Part 1

Industrialization and Nationalism

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several

decades to spread to other Western nations.

• Several factors, contributed to make Great Britain that starting place.

• First, an agrarian revolution beginning in the 1700s changed agricultural

practices.

• Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops such

as the potato dramatically increased the food supply.
• More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor.

•Now even ordinary British families could use some of their income to buy manufactured goods.

• Second, with the increased food supply, the population grew.

• When Parliament passed enclosure movement laws in the 1700s, landowners fenced

off common lands.
• This forced many peasants to move to towns, creating a labor supply for factories.

•The remaining farms were larger, more efficient, with increased crop yields.

• Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in new

machines and factories.

• Entrepreneurs found new ways to make profits in a laissez-faire market economy,

ruled by supply and demand with little government control of industry.

Multiple Choice

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

• France

• Germany

• Spain

• Great Britain

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
• Fourth, Britain had plentiful natural resources.

• The country’s rivers provided water power for the new factories.

• These waterways provided a means for transporting raw materials and finished products.

•Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore, essential in manufacturing processes.

• Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their

goods.

• Britain had a vast colonial empire, and British ships could transport goods anywhere

in the world.
• Also, because of population growth and cheaper food at home, domestic markets

increased.
•A growing demand for cottoncloth led British manufacturers to look for ways to increase production.

• Changes in Cotton Production

• In the eighteenth century, Great Britain had surged way ahead in the

production of inexpensive cotton goods.

• The manufacture of cotton cloth was a two-step process.

• First, spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton.

•Then, weavers wove the cottonthread into cloth on looms.
• In the eighteenth century, individuals spun the thread and then wove the cloth in their rural

cottages.
• This production method was thus called a cottage industry.

Multiple Choice

Which one is NOT one of the four reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain?

• Agrarian Revolution

• Population Growth

• Religion

• Natural Resources

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• Changes in Cotton Production Cont.

• A series of technological advances in the eighteenth century made cottage

industry inefficient.

• First, the invention of the “flying shuttle” made weaving faster.

• Now, weavers needed more thread from spinners because they could produce cloth at a

faster rate.

• In 1764, James Hargreaves had invented a machine called the spinning jenny,

which met this need.

• Other inventors made similar contributions.

• The spinning process became much faster.

•In fact, spinners produced thread faster than weavers could use it.

• Another invention made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with

the spinning of thread.

• This was a water powered loom, invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787.

• It now became more efficient to bring workers to the new machines and have them work in

factories near streams and rivers, which were used to power many of the early machines.

Multiple Select

What THREE inventions revolutionized the weaving industry?

• Flying Shuttle

• Spinning Jenny

• Water Powered Loom

• Sewing Machine

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• Changes in Cotton Production Cont.

• The cotton industry became even more productive when the steam engine was

improved in the 1760s by James Watt, a Scottish engineer.

• In 1782, Watt made changes that enabled the engine to drive machinery.

• Steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton.

•Before long, cottonmills using steam engines were found all over Britain.
• Because steam engines were fired by coal, not powered by water, they did not need to be located

near rivers.

• British cotton cloth production increased dramatically.

• In 1760, Britain had imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, which was used to

produce cloth in cottage industries.
• In 1787, the British imported 22 million pounds of cotton, most of it spun on machines.

•By 1840, 366 million pounds of cotton were imported each year.
• By this time, cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product.

• Sold everywhere in the world, British cotton goods were produced mainly in factories.

• The Coal and Iron Industries

• The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution.

• For fuel, the engine depended on coal, a substance that seemed then to be unlimited

in quantity.
• The success of the steam engine increased the need for coal and led to an expansion in coal

production.

Multiple Choice

What was crucial to Britain's Industrial Revolution?

• Man Power

• Shipping Industry

• Steam Engine

• Sewing Machine

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• The Coal and Iron Industries Cont.

• New processes using coal aided the transformation of another industry-the iron

industry.

• Britain’s natural resources included large supplies of iron ore.

• At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the basic process of producing iron had changed

little since the Middle Ages.
•A better quality of iron was produced in the 1780s when Henry Cort developed a process called
puddling.

• In this process, coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away

impurities in crude iron, called pig iron, and to produce an iron of high quality.

• The British iron industry boomed.

• In 1740, Britain had produced 17,000 tons or iron.

•After Cort’s process came into use in the 1780sm production jumped to nearly 70,000 tons.
• In 1852, Britain produced almost 3 million tons more iron than the rest of the combined world.

• High quality iron was used to build new machines, especially trains.

• The New Factories

• The factory was another important element in the Industrial Revolution.

• From its beginning, the factory created a new labor system.

• Factory owners wanted to see their new machines constantly.

•So, workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady rate.

Multiple Choice

What is derived from coal and used to burn away impurities of crude iron?

• Puddling

• Coke

• Cort's Design

• HQ Letting

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• The New Factories Cont.

• Early factory workers came from rural areas where they were used to periods of

hectic work, followed by periods of inactivity.

• Factory owners wanted workers to work without stopping.

• They disciplined workers to a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks.

•Anyone who came to work late was fined or quickly fired for misconduct, especially for drunkenness.
• Discipline of factory workers, especially children, was often harsh, where one British Parliamentary

inquiry stated:
• “”….provided a child should be drowsy, the overlooker walks round the room…and he touches

the child on the shoulder, and says, ‘Come here.’ In a corner of the room there is an iron cistern;
it is filled with water; he takes this boy, and takes him up by the legs, and dips him over head in
the cistern, and sends him to for the remainder of the day.”

•In some factories, children were often beaten with a rod or whipped to keep them at work.

• Railroads

• In the eighteenth century, more efficient means of moving resources and goods

developed.

• Railroads were particularly important to the success of the Industrial Revolution.

• Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, built the first steam locomotive.

• In 1804, his locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain.

• It pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles per hour.

•Better locomotives soon followed.

Multiple Choice

What was particularly important to the success of the Industrial Revolution?

• Steamboats

• Automobiles

• Planes

• Railroads

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• Railroads Cont.

• In 1813, George Stephenson built the Blucher, the first successful flanged-wheel

locomotive.

• With its flanged wheels, the Blucher ran on top of the rails instead of in sunken tracks.

• The success of Stockton & Darlington, the first true railroad, encouraged inventors

to link by rail the rich cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester with the thriving
port of Liverpool, a distance of 32 miles.

• In 1829, the investors sponsored a competition to find the most suitable locomotive to do

the job.
•They selected the Rocket.

• The Rocket sped along at 16 miles per hour while pulling a 40-ton train.

• Within 20 years, locomotives were able to reach 50 miles per hour, an incredible speed.

•In 1840, Britain had almost 2,000 miles of railroads.
•In 1850, more than 6,000 miles of railroad track crisscrossed much of that country.

• Railroad expansion caused a ripple effect in the economy.

• Building railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants.

•Less expensive transportation led to lower priced goods, thus creating larger markets.
•More sales meant more factories and more machinery.
• Business owners could reinvest their profits in new equipment, adding to the growth of the economy.

• This type of regular, ongoing economic growth became a basic feature of the new industrial economy.

Multiple Select

What is the name of the TWO early locomotives?

• Blucher

• Tom Thumb

• Rocket

• Herby

The Spread of Industrialization

• The world’s first industrial nation, Great Britain, was also the richest nation by the

mid-nineteenth century.

• It produced one half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods.

•Its cottonindustry alone in 1850 was equal in size to the industries of all other European countries
combined.

• Europe

• The Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe at different times and

speeds.

• First, to be industrialized in continental Europe were Belgium, France, and the German

states.
•In these places, governments actively encouraged industrialization.
•FOR EXAMPLE, governments provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads.
• By 1850, a network of iron rails spread across Europe.

• North America

• An Industrial Revolution also occurred in the United States.

• In 1800, 5 million people lived in the United States, and 6 out of every 7 American

workers were farmers.
•No city had more than 100,000 people.
•By 1860, the population had grown to 30 million people.
• Cities had also grown, with nine cities having populations over 100,000 people.

• Only 50 percent of American workers were farmers.

Multiple Select

What THREE countries were the first to be industrialized in Europe?

• France

• Spain

• Belgium

• German States

The Spread of Industrialization

• North America Cont.

• A large country, the United States needed a good transportationsystem to

more goods across the nation.

• Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link east and west.

• Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807.

•Steamboats made transportation easier on the waterways of the United States.

• Most important in the development of an American transportation system was

the railroad.

• It began with fewer than 100 miles of track in 1830.

• By 1860, about 30,000 miles of railroadtrack covered the United States.

•The country became a single massive market for the manufactured goods of the Northeast.

• Labor for the growing number of factories in the Northeast came chiefly from

the farm population.

• Women and girls made up a large majority of the workers in large textile factories.

• Factory owners sometimes sought entire families, including children, to work in

their factories.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the first paddle-wheel steamboat?

• Clermont

• Beauty

• Rothchild

• Normandy

Social Impact in Europe
• The Industrial Revolution drastically changed society.

• In the first half of the 1800s, cities grew and two new social classes-the industrial

middle and the industrial working class-emerged.

• Population and Urban Growth

• European population stood at an estimated 140 million in 1750.

• By 1850, the population had almost doubled to 266 million.

• One reason death rates declined was better-fed people were more resistant to disease.

•Famine, with the exception of the Irish potato famine, seemed to have disappeared from Western
Europe.
• Many thought population growth led to economic growth.

• In 1798, the economistThomas Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population

about poverty and population growth.
• According to his theory, when there is an increase in the food supply, the population tends to

increase too fast for the foodsupply to keep up, leading to famine, disease, and war.

• Famine and poverty were two factors in global migration and urbanization.

• Almost a million people died during the Irish potato famine, and poverty led a

million more to migrate to the Americas.
• The enclosure laws forced farmers to migrate from the countryside looking for work.

•Industrialization also spurred urbanization as large numbers of people migrated to cities to work in
factories.

Multiple Select

What were the TWO factors in global migration in urbanization?

• Religion

• Famine

• Poverty

• War

Social Impact in Europe

• Population and Urban Growth Cont.

• In 1800, Great Britain had one major city, London, with a population of about 1

million.

• Six cities had populations between 50,000 and 100,000.

• By 1850, London’s population had swelled to about 2.5 million.

•Nine cities had populations over 100,000, and 18 cities had populations between 50,000 to 100,000.
• Also, over 50 percent of the population lived in towns and cities.

• The rapid growth of cities in the first half of the nineteenth century led to

pitiful living conditions for many.

• These conditions prompted urban reformers to call on local governments to clean up

their cities.
• Reform would be undertaken in the second half of the nineteenth century.

• The Industrial Middle Class

• The Middle Ages saw the rise of commercial capitalism, an economic system

based on trade.

• Industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production, rose

during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle-class group-the
industrial middle class.

Multiple Choice

What is an economic system that is based on trade?

• Urbanization

• Communism

• Facisim

• Commercial Capitalism

Social Impact in Europe

• The Industrial Middle Class Cont.

• In the Middle Ages, the bourgeois, or middle-class person, was the burgher or

town dweller.

• The bourgeois were merchants, officials, artisans, lawyers, or intellectuals.

• Later, the term bourgeois came to include people involved in industry and banking, as well

as professionals such as lawyers, teachers, and doctors.

• The new industrial middle class was made up of the people who built the

factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets.

• They had initiative, vision, ambition, and, often, greed.

• The Industrial Working Class

• The Industrial Revolution also created a working class that faced wretched

working conditions.

• Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, 6 days a week.

• There were no security of employment and no minimum wage

• Conditions in the coal mines were harsh.

• Steam-powered engines lifted the coal from the mines to the top, but the men

inside the mines dug out the coal.
• Dangerous conditions, including cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes were away of life.

•The cramped conditions in mines and their constant dampness led to workers’ deformed bodies and
ruined lungs.

Multiple Choice

What class made up the bourgeois?

• Peasants

• Lower

• Middle

• Upper

Social Impact in Europe

• The Industrial Working Class Cont.

• The worst conditions were in the cotton mills, which were also dirty, dusty,

dangerous, and unhealthy.

• One reported that “In the cotton-spinning work, these creatures are kept , 14 hours

in each day, locked up, summer and winter, in a heat of from 80 to 84 degrees.”
• Michael Sadler headed a committee investigating conditions in the mills.

•Sadler’s report led Parliament to pass the Factory Act of 1833 protecting children working in
factories.
• After child labor was limited, women became 50 percent of the British labor force in textile

factories.
• Women were paid half or less than half of what men received.

• The employment of children and women was a carry over from the cottage

industry where the family together.

• When the work hours of children and women were limited, a new pattern of work

emerged.
• Men now earned most of the family income by working outside the home.

•Women took over daily care of the family and performed low-paying jobs that could be done in the
home.
• This made it possible for women to continue to help with the family’s financial survival.

Multiple Choice

Where were the worst working conditions?

• Farms

• Cotton Mills

• Steel Factories

• Slaughter House

Social Impact in Europe

• Early Socialism

• The transition to factory work was not easy.

• Although workers’ lives eventually improved, they suffered terribly during the early

period of industrialization.
• Their familylife was disrupted, they were separated from the countryside, their hours were

long, and their pay was low.

• Some reformers opposed such a destructive capitalistic system and advocated

socialism.

• In this economic system, society-usually in the form of the government-owns and

controls some means of production such as factories and utilities.
• This public ownership of the means of production, it was believed, would allow wealth to be

distributed more equitably to everyone.

• Early socialists wrote books about the ideal society that might be created.

• In this hypothetical society, workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs

would be met.
• Later, socialists said these were impractical dreams.

•Karl Marx contemptuously labeled the earlier reformersutopian socialists. (He borrowed the term
from ‘Utopia’, a work describing an ideal society by Sir Thomas More.)
• To this day we refer to the early socialists in this way.

Multiple Choice

What economic system is where society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production?

• Communism

• Facisim

• Socialism

• Capitalism

Social Impact in Europe

• Early Socialism Cont.

• Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist.

• He believe that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a

cooperative environment.
• Owen transformed the squalid factorytown of New Lanark(Scotland) into a flourishing

community.
•He created a similar community at New Harmony, Indiana, in the United States in the 1820s.
• New Harmony failed because not everyone was as committed to sharing as Owen was.

Open Ended

What reason do you believe is why socialism can't work?