War of 1812- Causes and Effects

War of 1812

• How and why the war started

• Outcome of the war and it's effects

​Impressment or kidnapping, of American sailors to work on British ships. Between 1803 and 1812, the British impressed about 6,000 American sailors.

Impressment

​Great Britain was at war with France. In an attempt to cut off supplies from reaching the enemy, Great Britain attempted to block the United States from trading with other nations.

Interference

​Trouble with the Indians was growing as settlers moved into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and pushed Indians off their lands.

Indigenious People

​Causes of the War of 1812

• The British navy consistently suffered manpower shortages due to the low pay and a lack of qualified seamen.

• the taking of men into a military or naval service by force.

• It was a practice that directly affected the U.S. and was one of the causes of the War of 1812.

​British Interference With American Shipping

• President James Madison took office in 1809.

• He tried a new approach to protecting Americans at sea by offering France and Great Britain a deal: If you agree to cease your attacks on American ships, the United States will stop trading with your enemy.

• Napoleon agreed & Madison, who desperately wanted to believe Napoleon's false promise, cut off all trade with Great Britain.

• Britain continued seizing ships and impressing American sailors.

​Indigenous People in the West

• Trouble with the Indians was growing as settlers moved into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and pushed Indians off their lands.

• Two Shawnee Indians—a chief named Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet—tried to fight back by uniting Indians along the Mississippi River into one great Indian nation

• The Shawnee and their allies were encouraged and armed by the British

​TECUMSEH

Multiple Choice

In the 1800s, Great Britain began impressing American sailors, or kidnapping them and

• holding them hostage for ransom

• making them serve in the British navy.

• having them pretend to be French sailors.

• forcing them to work for the Barbary pirates.

Multiple Choice

In 1800, France agreed to end its alliance with the United States. In return, the United States agreed to

• cease all alliances and trade with Great Britain.

• allow France to not pay for the ships it had seized.

• end isolationism as a form of foreign policy.

• give up its land in Canada and Ohio Territory.

Drag and Drop

The brothers ​

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and the ​

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were the leaders of the ​

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. They led the resistance to American expansion in the Northwest Territories.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Tecumseh

Prophet

Shawnee

Napoleon

Naragansett

Apache

​For the War....

• War Hawks- southern and western Congressmen in favor of the war

• Henry Clay (Kentucky)

• John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

• Americans in the South and West

• they resented the impressment of American sailors and the British stirring up the Natives in the northwest states and territories

​Against the War....

• New Englanders and Federalists generally opposed going to war.

• Merchants in New England knew that war would mean a blockade of their ports by the British navy and preferred to take their chances with the troubles at sea.

​James Madison chose to abandon isolationism. At his request, Congress declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812. This was a bold step for a nation with an army of 7,000 poorly trained men and a navy of only 16 ships.

War Hawks were overjoyed when the War of 1812 began. They thought that conquering Canada was “a mere matter of marching.” They were wrong. In 1812, 1813, and again in 1814 U.S. forces crossed into Canada, but each time British forces drove them back.

The British, too, found the going much rougher than expected. On September 10, 1813, a U.S. naval force under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry captured a British fleet of six ships on Lake Erie. Perry's victory enabled William Henry Harrison to push into Upper Canada, where he defeated the British in a major battle. Chief Tecumseh, who was fighting on the side of the British, was killed. However, in December, the British drove the Americans back across the border.

By 1814, Napoleon had been defeated in Europe, and Great Britain was able to send thousands of troops across the Atlantic. American plans to conquer Canada came to an end.

Meanwhile, in August 1814, another British army invaded Washington, D.C. The British burned several public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House. President Madison had to flee for his life.

Next the British attacked the port city of Baltimore, Maryland. On September 13, an American lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Fort McHenry, which guarded the city's harbor. The bombardment went on all night. When dawn broke, Key was thrilled to see that the American flag still waved over the fort, proving that the fort had not been captured. He expressed his feelings in a poem that was later put to music as “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

​Battle of New Orleans

​A British fleet had surrendered to U.S. forces after the Battle of Lake Champlain in New York just two days before the unsuccessful attack on Baltimore. In Great Britain, news of this defeat would greatly weaken the desire to continue the war. But the news took time to travel, and in the meantime British commanders in the United States launched another invasion. This time, their target was New Orleans.

New Orleans was defended by General Andrew Jackson and a diverse army of 7,000 militia that included a few African Americans, Indians, and pirates. On January 8, 1815, more than 7,500 British troops marched confidently into battle, where they were met with deadly fire from Jackson's troops. Some 2,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded, compared with only about 70 Americans.

The Battle of New Orleans was the greatest U.S. victory of the War of 1812. It was also unnecessary. Two weeks earlier, American and British diplomats meeting in Ghent (GHENT), Belgium, had signed a peace treaty ending the war. The news did not reach New Orleans until after the battle.

Multiple Choice

What was the result of the Treaty of Ghent?

• The United States achieved its objectives

• The British achieved its objectives

• The relationship between the British and Americans remained the same

• The US and British became allies

Multiple Choice

What was the outcome of the War of 1812?

• The US achieved all its objectives

• Great Britain achieved all its objectives

• The war ended in a stalemate

• The United States lost the war

Multiple Choice

This American lawyer wrote the Star Spangled Banner the morning after the bombardment of Ft. McHenry

• Andrew Jackson

• Francis Scott Key

• William Henry Harrison

• James Madison

Multiple Choice

Who was the American general who led the victory against the British in the Battle of New Orleans?

• Andrew Jackson

• George Washington

• Thomas Jefferson

• William Henry Harrison

Multiple Choice

What did Britain do in Washington DC during the War of 1812?

• Ransacked and set fire to the US Capitol, the Library of Congress, and the White House

• Invaded and occupied the city

• Negotiated a peace treaty with the United States

• Bombed the city with artillery

Multiple Choice

What was the significance of the Battle of New Orleans?

• It was the final battle of the War of 1812

• It was a decisive victory for the British

• It was the battle the Star Spangled Banner was written about

• It led to a treaty between the United States and Great Britain