chy-23mar-latin am rev

Colonization & Revolution
in Latin America

Latin American Revolutions

Colonialism

●Colonialism- One nation controls an area
and its government, economy, resources,
and society

●Colonial government- everything was
decided by the European nation, also called
the “Mother Nation”

○Governor/ leader of colony was chosen by the
“Mother Country”

○Very rarely did the colonies have a chance to
govern themselves

●Colonial economies were based on
mercantilism

○The basis of this economic system is that colonies
exist to benefit the “mother country”

■Colonies provide natural resources/raw
materials (fur, timber, minerals) to the
mother country.

■The mother country
manufactures/produces goods from those
raw materials and sell those goods back to
the colonies and to other countries.

■This way the mother country maintains
maximum profit.

​Explorers & conquistadors

Pre- Colonialism

●Latin America is home to many
indigenous groups

●Age of Exploration (1400s-1600s)-
a time when European countries
began exploring the world

○Goals-

■Gold- make money and find
trade routes

■God- spread Christianity

■Glory- gain land and power

North America​

• Contains the United States, Canada, and Greenland.​

• Where the American Revolution (USA) occurred.​

​

Central America​

• Contains Mexico, Haiti, and a few other countries.

• A part of Latin America.​

​South America

• ​Contains Brazil, Peru, and a few more countries.

• Part of Latin America.​

​

Under Colonialism- Unequal Society

●The European nations in charge
of these colonies wanted to keep
loyal subjects in charge of things
in the colony (head of
government , church, military etc)
so they only wanted those who
were “pure blood” or born in
Europe to hold these offices,
because they felt they were the
ones they could trust the most.

●Unfortunately, place of birth and
your ethnic status had a large
impact on your status or worth
of a person and what your
profession and standard of living
would be in the colonies.

Born in
Europe

​WHAT'S GOING ON?

Multiple Choice

Where do Native Americans fall in Latin American social structure?

• At the top of the social pyramid

• At the bottom of the social pyramid

This also included the

enslavement of Africans and
bringing them to the Americas

to work on plantations

Multiple Select

What are some of the things that went FROM the Americas TO Europe, Africa, and Asia? Pick 3

• Corn

• Peppers

• Cattle

• Potatoes

• Onions

Under Colonialism- Plantations and Slavery

●Europeans established large plantations in
their Latin American colonies

●Sugar, cotton, and coffee industries
boomed, requiring a large number of
workers.

○At first Native Americans were forced to work on
the plantations

■Encomienda- a system allowing Spanish
colonists to demand labor from Native
Americans

○When many Native Americans died, Europeans
brought in hundreds of thousands of enslaved
Africans to work the plantations

●Led to the creation and expansion of the
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Under Colonialism- Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange- the transfer of plants, animals,
diseases, ideas, and people between the Old World (Europe,
Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas)

New World

●Corn

●Potatoes

●Squash

●Peppers

●Tomatoes

●Chocolate

●Turkeys

Old World

●Wheat

●Rice

●Grapes

●Cattle

●Sheep

●Pigs

●Chickens

●Horses

Multiple Choice

What country colonized the majority of Latin America?

• English

• Spanish

• Dutch

• French

Multiple Choice

The larger the arrow is the more slaves going to that area. Where did the majority of slaves go?

• Brazil

• Mexico

• United States

• Caribbean

The Enlightenment, American Revolution and French Revolution influenced revolutions in the following places:

• Haiti

• South America

• Mexico

Nationalism

• Napoleon's conquests in Europe led to feelings of nationalism spreading across the continent and over the ocean.

• Nationalism is the desire of people with the same language, history, and customs for self-rule.

Let's start with the Haitian Revolution

Haiti was a French colony which was extremely profitable because of slave labor.

Things had been heating up for a while...

Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Former slave who was self educated

• Took leadership of the slave revolt that began in 1791

• Defeated the armies of Spain, France and Britain

The Haitian Flag (Color if you have materials)

• Similar to the French flag

• Uses horizontal, rather than vertical colors

• Eliminates the color white (representing colonial white oppression)

• Coat of arms states "with unity there is strength"

South American Revolutionary Leaders

• Simon Bolivar - Known as "El Libertador"

  • also known as the "George Washington of South America"

• Jose de San Martin - The liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru

• Bernardo O'Higgins - Chilean independence leader

What about Brazil?

• After Napoleon's defeat, creoles wrote Prince Dom Pedro demanding independence.

For almost 50 years, there was constant unrest in the Western Hemisphere.

El Grito de Dolores

• The battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain

• First uttered by Miguel Hidalgo, parish priest of Dolores on September 16, 1810.

Latin American Revolutions

Multiple Choice

Which Latin American nation was the first to gain its independence?

• Haiti

• Cuba

• Mexico

• Ecuador

Multiple Choice

Which Latin American revolutionary leader helped to liberate parts of southern South America, like Argentina and Chile?

• Miguel de Hidalgo

• Jose de San Martin

• Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Simon Bolivar

Multiple Choice

In which country did Father Miguel Hidalgo help to start an independence movement in 1810?

• Brazil

• Mexico

• Peru

• Florida

Multiple Choice

After Father Hidalgo was captured and killed who continued the quest for Mexican Independence?

• Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Simon Bolivar

• Agustin de Iturbide

• Jose Morelos

Multiple Choice

Which historical figure best completes this chart comparing revolutionary leaders?

• Father Miguel Hidalgo

• T'oussaint L'Ouverture

• Jose de San Martin

• Simon Bolivar

Multiple Choice

"Juárez Defeats French Troops in Mexico"
"Bolívar Leads Revolutions in South America"
"San Martín Liberates Argentina"
These newspaper headlines refer to the emergence of

• mercantilism

• Marxism

• nationalism

• colonialism

Multiple Choice

Who led the slaves in Haiti in a revolt against France?

• Miguel Hidalgo

• Simon Bolivar

• Toussaint L'Ouverture 

• Jose de San Martin

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is where Haiti is located?

• Central America

• South America

• North America

Multiple Choice

The social classes of Latin America were based on the _________ of the person.

• Wealth

• Race

• Ability

• Heritage

Multiple Choice

There is ONE final Revolution to happen BUT it isn't a specific countries revolution. What Revolution is it?

• The Manufacturer Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution

• The Religious Revolution

Multiple Choice

Nationalism is best defined as:

• The achievement of world peace and global understanding

• The desire to take over other societies by force

• A method of solving basic economic problems of the society

• The loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic region

Multiple Choice

Which outcome was a direct result of the social structure established during European colonization of Latin America?

• inequalities of income and power

• communist governments were formed in most countries

• a small but powerful middle class that owned the land and businesses

• family structure of native peoples was destroyed

Multiple Choice

"I will never allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain." This statement was most likely made by

• a Portuguese explorer

• a Latin American nationalist

• a Roman Catholic bishop

• a Spanish conquistador

Multiple Choice

The struggles for political independence in Latin America during the early 1800s were most directly influenced by the

• Berlin Conference

• doctrine of liberation theology

• American and French Revolutions

• writings of Count Camillo di Cavour

Multiple Choice

Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?

• Nations of Latin America won independence.

• Revolutions occurred in North America and France.

• The Napoleonic wars weakened Spain's power.

• Creoles and Mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule.

Multiple Choice

Simón Bolívar was known as the “Liberator” because he liberated

• southern South America from Spanish rule.

• southern South America from French rule.

• northern South America from Spanish rule.

• northern South America from French rule.

Multiple Choice

Based on the map on the previous slide, what was the main country that explored Latin America?

• English

• French

• Dutch

• Spanish

Multiple Choice

What is a Creole?

• A person from Europe

• A mix between European and African

• A person born in the Americas, but of 100% European descent

Multiple Select

What social group is in charge of the government in Latin American colonies? (pick 2)

• Mulattoes

• Creoles

• Mestizo

• Peninsulars

Multiple Choice

Why was the Haitian Revolution led by Touissaint Louverture so important?

• It returned all power to the king of France.

• It allowed France to gain more foreign land.

• It gave freedom to all slaves in Latin America.

• It was the first Latin American colony to revolt.

Multiple Choice

What was the movement, based on the use of reason to solve problems, which inspired both the

American Revolution and the French Revolution?

• The Scientific Revolution

• The Renaissance

• The Reformation

• The Enlightenment

Multiple Choice

When did Chile get their independence and from what country?

• 1818 from the Spanish

• 1816 from the Spanish

• 1818 from the British

• 1816 from the Portuguese

REVIEW

Mexican Revolution

●The people were getting upset
at their treatment and hoped
independence would create a
more equal society

●1810- Miguel Hidalgo led a
rebellion

○Hidalgo is executed by the
Spanish in 1811

●Agustin de Iturbide continued
the fight

●Mexico gained independence
in 1821

○Spanish rulers replaced by
wealthy Mexican landowners

■Majority of people
remained poor

Haitian Revolution

●Led by Toussaint
L’Ouverture (a military
leader and former slave) in
1803

●Gained independence from
France in 1804

●Became the first country
to be founded by former
slaves

REVIEW

Simon Bolivar-

●Called “the Liberator”

○Liberate means to set free

●Led Venezuela, Colombia,
Panama, and Ecuador to
independence

○United them together to form
Gran Colombia in 1819

●Bolivar died in 1830

○Gran Colombia broke apart

■Ecuador, Venezuela,
Panama, and Colombia
became independent
countries

●Tensions remain and led to
continued unrest

Jose de San Martin-

●Helped Argentina, Chile, and
Peru become free during the
early 1800’s

●Used guerrilla warfare- using
troops who know the local
landscape and are able to use it
to their advantage

After Independence

●Independence from Europe
didn’t instantly create peace
and democracy

●Many countries continue to struggle
politically and economically

○Conflict between rival political
groups is very common

■Assassinations and violence

■Coups- Individuals trying to
seize control of the
government

○Extremely uneven wealth
distribution between rich and poor

REVIEW

​REVIEW