ch. 26 Plant Growth and Development

Plants Lesson 2

The Plant Life Cycle

The Plant Life Cycle

• A plant goes through several different stages before it is fully grown.

• These stages are known as a life cycle which means they continue to happen in the same order over and over again.

Seeds

• All plants begin as seeds. You can purchase seeds at the store to grow in your garden, but you can also find seeds in nature.

• The outer layer of a seed is known as the coat of the seed. The coat protects the baby plant that is inside.

Germination

• We plant seeds in the soil and give them plenty of water and sunlight so that the seeds will begin to sprout. This time in the seed's life is known as germination.

• The seed sprout will begin to grow in the direction of the sun until a tiny stem and leaves begin to poke through the surface.

• The germination stage has come to an end.

Multiple Choice

What is the name for the stages that a plant goes through as it grows?

• water cycle

• life cycle

• bicycle

Multiple Choice

What is name for the outer layer of a seed?

• coat

• hat

• gloves

Multiple Choice

What is the name for when a seed begins to sprout in the soil and we see a tiny stem and leaves?

• life cycle

• coat

• germination

Seedling

• Roots begin to emerge from the seed underground. At this stage in the plant's life, we call it a seedling.

• A seedling is like a young child plant. If the seedling receives enough sunlight and water, it will continue to grow on the stem and the plant will become taller over time.

Mature Plant

• When a plant is done growing and has reached its full height, we call it a mature plant. Flowers will begin to open and new seeds can be born inside of the flowers allowing the cycle to begin again.

Multiple Choice

What does a seedling need to continue to grow into a strong and healthy plant?

• snow and soda

• sunlight and water

• darkness and coffee

Multiple Choice

What is a plant called when it is done growing and has reached its full height?

• mature plant

• seedling

• flower

Multiple Choice

What stage of a plant is ready for pollination?

• flower

• fruit

• sapling

• seed

Plants: Lesson 1

Parts of a Plant

Parts of a Plant

Each part of a plant plays an important role in the survival of the plant. They work together much like the parts of the human body.

Roots

• Even though we can't see them under the soil, all plants have roots that carry water into the plant.

• The roots act like straws and drink in water from the soil to keep the plant hydrated.

• The roots also keep the plant firmly in the ground so that it does not blow away on a windy day!

Stem

• Once the water travels up the roots it enters the stem.

• The stem supports the plant by keep it standing up tall.

• The stem also carries water and nutrients from the soil to all the parts of the plant.

Multiple Choice

What do roots carry into the plant?

• lemonade

• water

• soil

Multiple Choice

Roots keep the plant firmly in the __________ so it does not blow away.

• sofa

• clouds

• ground

Multiple Choice

The stem keeps the plant __________.

• standing up tall

• bending over

• floating

Multiple Choice

The stem carries __________ from the soil to all the parts of the plant.

• dirt and rocks

• water and nutrients

• candy and soda

Leaves

• The leaves are the food making factory of a plant.

• Leaves use sunlight, water, and air to create food that the plant needs to stay alive.

Flower

• The flower is the part of the plant that makes seeds for new plants to grow.

• With the help of animals, wind, and people, pollen from flowers is spread to other flowers.

• As a result new seeds are formed so that plants will continue to spread and grow.

Multiple Choice

Leaves are the __________ making factory of a plant.

• drink

• food

• toy

Multiple Choice

Leaves use sunlight, __________, and air to create food that the plant needs to stay alive.

• water

• apple juice

• books

Multiple Choice

The flower is the part of the plant that makes the _______ for new plants to grow.

• soil

• water

• seeds

Multiple Choice

Pollen from a flower is spread to other flowers by animals, people, and __________.

• wind

• cars

• roots

Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that conducts water through the plant. 

It is composed of two types of cells, tracheids and vessel elements.

Multiple Choice

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The water transport system in plants."

• Villi

• Bronchi

• Bolus

• Xylem

Tracheid cells are long and narrow, with a cell wall made of cellulose.

• Tracheid cell walls have small openings, pits, to allow water to pass

Multiple Choice

Additional layer around the outside of plant cells made from cellulose that protect and give shape

• Cell Wall
• Chloroplast
• Cell Membrane
• Golgi Complex

Vessel elements are essentially long tubes

• They have small holes in their end walls

• Water can pass from cell to cell

Multiple Choice

Water can pass from cell to cell in a plant

• True

• False

Trees don’t just grow taller, they grow in diameter too.

• This is secondary growth

• The growth rings show age.

Multiple Choice

By counting annual growth rings you can estimate the:

• age of tree

• type of tree

• color of tree

• personality of tree

Vascular cambium -these cells undergo mitosis (cell division).

This process adds new cells of xylem to the inside and cells of phloem to the outside. 

Multiple Choice

Secondary growth in woody stems is produced by tissue called

• cortex

• bundles

• wood

• vascular cambiums

As a tree gets older, the xylem in the center gets darker in color. 

Surrounding this heartwood is xylem that is lighter in color, this is referred to as sapwood.

Vascular cambium produces phloem year after year.

• A layer of cells called the cork cambium start producing cork. 

• Cork deposits a waxy substance then dies.

As the tree increases in diameter, the dead tissue splits and cracks. 

Everything outside the vascular cambium is considered bark.

Multiple Choice

Cells of the outer part of the cambium known as phloem die and become

• the wood of the tree

• the bark of the tree

• the leaves of the tree

• the roots of the tree

Meristematic tissue is a living tissue, located at specific places on plant body. It is the only tissue able to divide.

• Primary Meristem : arises from the embryo

• Secondary meristem: develops from the primary meristem

Based on position in plant body, the types of meristem tissues are

• Apical Meristem

• Intercalary meristem

• Lateral meristem

Apical Meristem tissue leads to the primary growth of the plants

• The tissue is present at the growing roots and shoots of the plant body.

• It helps in primary growth of the plant.

Lateral Meristem is in stems and roots of plants.

• It increases the thickness of the plant, called as secondary growth.

• Vascular cambium and cork cambium are types of lateral meristem.

Multiple Select

Plant grows in height due to

• Lateral meristem

• Intercalary meristem

• Apical meristem

Multiple Choice

While making bonsai, the _____________ meristem is removed from the plant.

• Apical and Intercalary

• Lateral and Apical

• Intercalary and Lateral

Multiple Select

Cells of meristem tissue are continually dividing. Hence they would lack

• Nucleus

• Large vacuole

• Cell wall

• Plastids

Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant Cells

•Plant cells are identifiable
by their cell walls and
large central vacuole.

•Plants have many types
of cells adapted for
specific purposes.

Multiple Choice

Plant Cells are identifiable by their...

(Choose all that apply)

• cell walls

• large central vacuole

• multiple nuclei

• green cytoplasm

Multiple Choice

cells in which photosynthesis and food storage occur

• collenchyma

• sclerenchyma

• parenchyma

Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant Cells

Collenchyma Cells

•Plant cells that often are elongated and occur in long strands or cylinders that
provide support for the surrounding cells are collenchyma cells.

•Have unevenly thickened cell walls, which allow the cells to stretch and be
flexible.

•Retain the ability to undergo cell division when mature.

Multiple Choice

Which characteristic does collenchyma give to a plant?

• color

• flexibility

• height

• taste

Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant Cells

Sclerenchyma Cells

•Plant cells that lack cytoplasm and other living components when they mature,
leaving thick, rigid cell walls are called sclerenchyma cells.

•Sclerenchyma cells provide support for the plant and transport of materials.

•Classified as either sclereids or fibers

•Sclereids are also called stone cells, short and irregularly shaped

•Fibers are needle shaped, when stacked together they form a tough elastic
tissue

Multiple Choice

cells that provide strength such as sclereids and fibers

• collenchyma

• sclerenchyma

• parenchyma

Plant Tissues

•Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a function.

•A plant tissue can be composed of one or more types of cells.

•There are four different tissue types found in plants – meristematic, dermal,
vascular, and ground.

Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant Tissues

Meristematic tissue

•Meristematic tissues make up meristems, or
regions of rapidly dividing cells which produce
new cells for plants.

•Apical meristems: tissues at the tips of roots
and stems, responsible for primary growth

•Intercalary meristems: found at one or more
location along a monocot stem

•Lateral meristems: increase root and stem
diameter through secondary growth

Plant Cells and Tissues
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Multiple Choice

Lateral meristems...

• increase root and stem diameter through secondary growth

• tissues at the tips of roots and stems, responsible for primary growth

• found at one or more location along a monocot stem

Plant Tissues

Dermal tissue – the epidermis

•The epidermis has several adaptations to protect the plant and prevent water
loss.

•Changes in the shape of guard cells result in the opening and closing of a
stomata.

•Some epidermal cells have hairlike projections called trichomes, which prevent
insect and animal predation.

•Root hairs are fragile extensions of root epidermal cells.

Plant Cells and Tissues
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Multiple Select

Xylem is the water-carrying vascular tissue, composed of specialized cells called ______ _______and _________

• sieve tube members

• vessel elements

• companion cells

• tracheids

Plant Tissues

Vascular tissue

•Phloem is the main food-carrying tissue in
vascular plants

•Consists of two types of cells, sieve tube
members and companion cells.

•Sieve tube members contain cytoplasm but
lack nuclei and ribosomes when mature.

•Companion cells occur next to sieve tube
cells and have a nucleus.

•Scientists hypothesize that the companion
cell nucleus functions for both cells.

Plant Cells and Tissues
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Multiple Select

Phloem is composed of which two types of cells?

• sieve tube members

• vessel elements

• companion cells

• tracheids

Multiple Choice

What word is used to describe a seed that is inactive?

• Sleeping

• Dormant

• Metabolism

• Radicle

Multiple Choice

Which condition is NOT needed for germination?

• Water

• Oxygen

• Light

• Suitable temperature

Multiple Choice

Define the term seed germination .

• This is the growth of a shoot

• process where an embryo sprouts from a seed

• the growth of a plant

Multiple Choice

What is the name of stem cells in plants?

• Meristems

• Mitosis

• Meiosis

• DNA

Multiple Choice

Apical meristems can be found in

• The leaves

• The tips of the shoots and roots

• The xylem cells

• The epidermal cells

Multiple Choice

Primary growth is the result of growth of cells made by the ..

• cork cambium.

• vascular cambium.

• primary xylem.

• apical meristems.

Multiple Choice

Find out the statement which is wrong.

• Meristematic cells divide continuously.

• Plants require more energy than animals .

• Tissues of plants and animals are different.

• Plants tissues contain dead cells.

Multiple Choice

Interception meristems are found in which part of the plants?

• Growing tips

• Lateral side

• Nodes

Multiple Choice

Find out the examples of lateral meristem

• A. Vascular cambium

• B. Cork cambium

• C. Pith

• A and B

• B and C

Multiple Choice

The growth of apical meristems is also known as

• primary growth

• secondary growth

• tertiary growth

• epidermal growth

Multiple Choice

The growth of apical meristems is also known as

• primary growth

• secondary growth

• tertiary growth

• epidermal growth

Multiple Choice

What do Xylem carry up the stem?

• Water

• Nutrients

• Water and minerals

Multiple Choice

What does Phloem carry up the stem?

• Oxygen

• Water

• Sugar

Multiple Choice

Dermal tissue is found in__________of a plant organ. Its primary role is________

• Inner Layer - Transport

• Outer Later - Transport

• Inner Layer - Protection

• Outer Layer - Protection

Multiple Choice

Vascular tissue is found in__________of a plant organ. Its primary role is________

• Inner Layer - Transport

• Outer Later - Transport

• Inner Layer - Protection

• Outer Layer - Protection