Introduction to the Enlightenment

Introduction to The

Enlightenment

World History
Ms. Gonzalez

Block 4

Essential Questions

1.)

What were the different discoveries made by
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton?

2.)

How did the discoveries of Copernicus,
Galileo, Kepler, and Newton change the
European worldview?

3.)

What role did the Catholic church play
during this period?

Introduction

❖

For centuries, the church was generally accepted as the

ultimate authority.

❖

Leaders only accepted theories that agreed with the bible

and discouraged curiosity about the natural world.

❖

Anyone who voiced doubts about the church would face

punishment.

Copernicus

❖

Studied mathematics, astronomy, and
medicine

❖

Proposed a new cosmology:
➢

Earth is at the center of the
moon’s orbit

➢

The sun is at the center of the
solar system

➢

The motion of the stars and sun is
a result of Earth’s motion

❖

Many readers objected Commentariolus
because it contradicted the bible

Multiple Choice

Copernicus discovered that the sun was at the center of our solar system by looking into space with a telescope

• True

• False

Galileo

❖

Found that the size of a weight
does not affect a pendulum’s
period, but the length of the
cord does

❖

Disproved Aristotle’s theory that
heavier objects fall faster than
lighter objects

❖

Built three telescopes that made
objects appear 3x, 6x, and 30x
closer

Galileo (cont.)

❖

By looking through his telescope, Galileo
discovered that:
➢

The moon had mountains and craters

➢

The moon’s light was actually reflected
sunlight

➢

Venus, like the moon, had phases

➢

Jupiter had moons

➢

The sun has spots

➢

Some planets have seas and oceans

❖

The church forbade teaching Copernican
Cosmology after Galileo’s discoveries because
they disproved Aristotle and Ptolemy’s
theories.

Multiple Choice

Galileo supported many of Aristotle and Ptolemy's theories

• True

• False

Kepler

❖

Published Mysterium
Cosmographicum, the first book
to defend Copernicus’s
Heliocentric theory

❖

Discovered that planets do not
move in a perfect circular
motion after trying to calculate
Mars’s orbit

❖

Believed that a force such as
magnetism was what kept the
planets in motion (This inspires one
of Newton’s laws later)

Kepler’s Laws
of Planetary

Motion

1.)

Each planet orbits the sun
in an ellipse

2.)

The closer a planet is to
the sun, the faster it will
move

3.)

A planet’s orbital period
increases dramatically with
its distance from the sun

Multiple Choice

"The closer a planet is to the sun, the faster it will move" is one of

• Newton's Laws of Motion

• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

• Hammurabi's Laws

• Pascal's Laws

Newton

❖

Built the first reflecting telescope
after realizing that a curved mirror
would not cause chromatic
aberration (fuzzy fringes of color
between light and dark areas that
would appear in telescopes)

❖

Newton’s Laws of Motion
1.)

An object at rest will stay at
resta and an object in motion
will stay in motion until acted
on by an outside force

2.)

The force on a object is equal
to its mass times its
acceleration

3.)

For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT one of Newton's Laws of Motion?

• Objects at rest will stay at rest and objects in motion will stay in motion

• The force on an object is equal to the mass times acceleration

• Each planet orbits the sun in an ellipse

• For every action there is an equal and opposit reaction

Other Works

❖

Copernicus
➢

Commentariolus

➢

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelesitim

❖

Galileo
➢

Sidereus Nuncius

➢

Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie
solari e loro accidenti

➢

Dialogo

❖

Kepler
➢

Mysterium Cosmographicum

➢

Astronomia Nova

➢

Harmonices Mundi

➢

Tabulae Rudolphinae

❖

Newton
➢

Principia

Multiple Choice

Which scientist improved the telescope that prevented chromatic aberration?

• Copernicus

• Kepler

• Galileo

• Newton

Multiple Choice

Which scientist wrote Istoria e dimostrzioni intorno macchie solari e loro accidenti?

• Copernicus

• Kepler

• Galileo

• Newton

Multiple Choice

Kepler's book, Mysterium Cosmographicum, attempts to disprove Copernicus's Heliocentric theory

• True

• False

Match

Match the following books to their Author

• Copernicus

• Kepler

• Galileo

• Newton

Commentariolus

Astronomia Nova

Dialogo

Principia

• Commentariolus

• Astronomia Nova

• Dialogo

• Principia

Multiple Choice

Which scientist disproved Aristotle's theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects?

• Copernicus

• Kepler

• Galileo

• Newton

Multiple Choice

The Church forbade teaching Copernican Cosmology and Galileo's discoveries

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following works was written by Newton?

• Principia

• Commentariolus

• Astronomia Nova

• Dialogo