Hickman ESS 3_30_23

Welcome To Mrs.
Hickman’s Class!

Science Grading Policy

PLEASE NOTE:

●Temporary 0’s will be entered each Monday for students not at the expected lesson
completion but work submitted WILL BE accepted for full credit and scores will be
updated.

●All assignments will be graded within 8 days of submission.

●Discussions- 80% student work, 20% peer responses. Added lesson note with
instructions. Not regraded.

●Sample work- There is no sample work for this class.

●Tests- Feedback will be provided for incorrect short answer questions to help you
understand the correct answer. 1 attempt at the Relearning Log if you score less than
75% on your Unit test. No regrades or resets.

●Portfolios- Feedback will be provided to help you correct/improve your work with the
opportunity to webmail for improvement 1 time if you score less than 75%.

●Quick Checks- No regrades or resets.

●Quizzes- Are not regraded or reset.

●

Live Lesson Expectations

I will…

• Stay focused on the content and be mindful of

others in the chat.

• Be kind and respect everyone's voice, even if I

do not agree with it.

• Participate and engage in class discussions and

activities.

Not practicing these expectations may result in not
being able to use the chat feature or being removed from
the Live Lesson and receiving a follow up call about Live
Lesson expectations.

03/30/2023

● Review what we have learned about land

resources through a kahoot game to prepare
for your Land Resources Unit Test.

● Identify how fossil fuels form, and how they

are processed.

● Identify how extracting fossil fuels affect

the environment.

Unit 5 Lessons 11 & 12
Unit 6 Lessons 1 & 2

Standard:
SC.912.L.17.20
Predict the
impact of
individuals on
environmental
systems and
examine how
human lifestyles
affect
sustainability.

Test Review

- Please open joinmyquiz.com to

review for your test. This is
not your exit ticket and you
will need to still complete an
exit ticket at the end of the
lesson.

Unit 6: Natural Resources Energy

Resources

Lesson 1: Fossil Fuels

Question we are answering:
How do fossil fuels form, and
how are they processed?

Fossil Fuels Formation

- Fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas) are fuels

formed in the earth from plant or animal remains.

- They take millions of years to form and are currently the

world's main sources of energy.

- Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable resources that

will eventually run out.

Multiple Choice

What is the definition of nonrenewable resource?

• a resource that will never run out

• a resource that cannot be renewed or replaced

• a resource that is used one time

• a resource that is made from hydrogen

Coal Formation

Coal Formation

- Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in

the world.

- It is a hydrocarbon, or compound of

hydrogen and carbon, that can be found
in every continent, with the largest
reserves located in the United States,
Russia, China, Australia, and India.

- It is the largest energy source for

generating electricity worldwide.

Coal Formation

- Coal formation began about 300 million

years ago.

- On Earth, seas were wide and shallow,

and forests were dense.

- The forests were overtaken with water,

which trapped algae and plants at the
bottom of swamp wetlands.

Coal Formation

- Over millions of years, the dead plants (mostly mosses) and algae were

buried under layers of sediment and rocks.

- The high pressure and compression from these layers caused

temperatures to increase.

- The plant matter decayed slowly.
- As it decayed, it kept most of its carbon, its main energy source.
- Places underground where this matter was buried are known as peat

bogs.

- Through this process, peat was changed to carbon-rich coal far below

Earth's surface.

Multiple Choice

What is the processes of producing coal?

• plants decay → heat and pressure → coal

• heat and pressure → plants decay → coal

• coal → plants decay → heat and pressure

Oil and Natural Gas Formation

Oil Formation

- Oil, or crude oil, is a fossil fuel

consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons.

- It exists in liquid form underground in

reservoirs or in tiny spaces within
sedimentary rocks.

- It is extracted from the ground through

drilling.

- It is used to make petroleum products,

which are fuels made from crude oil and
natural gas.

- Oil's biggest use today is in the

production of gasoline, which fuels the
transportation industry.

Natural Gas Formation

- Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is made

up of many compounds, the largest of
which is methane.

- Most natural gas is found in spaces and

cracks between rocks.

- It is extracted by either drilling or by

hydraulic fracturing, also known as
fracking.

- Fracking consists of breaking the rocks

to release the natural gas.

- Today, natural gas is used for electricity

and fuel.

Oil and Natural Gas Formation

- Oil and natural gas formed in oceans millions of years ago

when marine plants and animals died and fell to the ocean
floor where they were buried.

- Layers of sand, sediment, and water covered the remains.
- If the decaying matter was mostly animals, intense heat and

pressure compressed the decaying animal matter into oil.

- If the decaying matter was mostly plants and there was an

extreme amount of heat and pressure, the carbon bonds
broke down into methane, producing natural gas.

Quick Check

Choose the best two options when it comes to
producing oil and natural gas.

a. plants decay → heat and pressure → natural gas
b. plants decay → heat and pressure → oil
c. animals decay → heat and pressure → oil
d. animals decay → heat and pressure → natural gas

Multiple Select

Choose the best two options when it comes to producing oil and natural gas.

• plants decay → heat and pressure → natural ga

• plants decay → heat and pressure → oil

• animals decay → heat and pressure → oil

• animals decay → heat and pressure → natural gas

Quick Check

Choose the best two options when it comes to
producing oil and natural gas.

a. plants decay → heat and pressure → natural gas
b. plants decay → heat and pressure → oil
c. animals decay → heat and pressure → oil
d. animals decay → heat and pressure → natural gas

Fossil Fuels Consumption

- Everyday in the United States, people

use roughly 392 million gallons of
gasoline to fuel their vehicles.

- However, gasoline is not a resource that

is extracted directly from the ground.

- Gasoline, like many other fuels, is

derived from a fossil fuel that is
extracted and refined into a fuel usable
for consumption.

Extracting Coal

- Coal is extracted from the ground

through mining.

- There are two ways that coal is mined

from the earth: surface mining and
underground mining.

- Surface mining involves stripping surface

vegetation, dirt, bedrock, and other
layers of earth to reach coal deposits
underneath. It is used when coal is less
than 200 feet underground.

- Underground mining, or deep mining,

involves drilling deep below the surface
to extract the coal. This method is used
to remove coal deeper underground.

Processing and Using Coal

-After coal is extracted, it is taken to
preparation plants near the mining site.

-It is cleaned to remove ash, dirt, rocks,
sulfur, and other materials.

-Larger pieces of coal are crushed into
smaller, useful sizes.

-The coal is then transported, usually by
train, to industries for use.

-Industries burn coal to produce energy and
electricity.

-Coal can also be processed into liquid fuel
through the process of liquefaction. Liquid
coal can be used in the transportation
industry as a petroleum substitute.

Processing Crude Oil

-Crude oil can be refined, or processed, into usable gasoline fuel in multiple
ways.

-Crude oil is piped into a furnace and heated to temperatures as high as 1,050
degrees Fahrenheit.

-It is then piped into a distillation tower where various hydrocarbons in the
crude oil cause the oil to rise to different levels in the tower according to the
boiling point of the hydrocarbons.

-The levels near the top of the tower collect liquids and gases with lower
boiling points. - Some of the liquids are processed into gasoline.

-The levels near the bottom of the tower collect liquids with higher boiling
points. - Some of these liquids can undergo more complicated processing to
convert them into gasoline.

Processing Natural Gas

-Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is found in
enormous layers of shale rock between
6,000 and 8,000 feet below Earth's
surface.

-It is extracted by either drilling, in a
manner similar to drilling for crude oil, or
by hydraulic fracturing, also known as
fracking.

-Fracking consists of drilling and pumping a
water mixture into the earth. This mixture
of sand, water, and chemicals flows at high
pressure into the rock, breaking it apart
and releasing the natural gas.

Processing Natural Gas

-After extraction, natural gas is piped to
processing plants, where it goes through
many steps. One of the first steps is to
remove oil, water, and other impurities
including carbon dioxide, sulfur, and
nitrogen. Afterwards, methane is
separated out through a distillation
process. Once these impurities are
removed, the natural gas can be
transported through pipelines to the
market for consumption.

Unit 6: Natural Resources Energy

Resources

Lesson 2: Extracting and Processing of

Fossil Fuels

Question we are answering:
How does extracting fossil
fuels affect the environment?

Environmental Impacts of Acquiring Natural Gas

Natural gas is a fossil fuel found deep underground that is comprised of
many compounds, the largest of which is methane. Acquiring natural gas
requires that gas wells be drilled deep into the earth. In many instances,
natural gas and oil are found together and extracted in similar ways.

Another way that natural gas can be extracted is through hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking. Watch the video to learn more about the
environmental impacts of fracking. Take notes on how fracking can affect
the environment.

** Unit 6 Lesson 2 Page 3 - Watch the video **
In the chat give me one example listed in the video of environmental impacts
of acquiring natural gas.

Environmental Impacts of Acquiring Oil

-Acquiring oil from the ground can have
major impacts on the environment.

-Like natural gas, extracting oil can result in
methane gas leaking into the air.

-Methane is considered to be more damaging
to the environment than carbon dioxide
because it locks in heat more efficiently.

-However, both carbon dioxide and methane
contribute to global warming.

-Overall, coal contributes more to climate
change than other fuel sources.

Environmental Impacts of Acquiring Oil

-Offshore drilling can have many impacts on
the ocean environment.

-Drilling under the ocean floor produces
waste that can enter the surrounding ocean.

-The waste materials can harm animals and
destroy marine habitats.

-In addition, mishaps with offshore drilling,
such as oil spills, can result in devastating
consequences to marine life.

Environmental Impacts of Coal

-Surface mining involves removal of the topsoil through extensive digging.

-This dug-up material, or overburden, is sometimes dumped downhill, destroying
land ecosystems.

-Contaminants from the overburden can get into the groundwater or local
waterways.

-In addition, concentrations of chemicals from the mining process can have
toxic effects in fish and birds and contaminate their habitats.

-These chemicals can also leak into waterways and aquifers, impacting drinking
wells.

-Finally, large areas of forested land are lost during surface mining, which can
lead to erosion and landslides as topsoil is removed and displaced.

Environmental Impacts of Coal

-Underground mining involves building mine shafts underground to access coal
deep within the earth. Methane leaks are one environmental concern in and
near mines. Methane leaks can cause air pollution as well as respiratory
illnesses if uncontrolled.

-In addition, underground mines cause physical destruction to the land around
them, which disrupts the surrounding habitats and biodiversity. Finally, mines
have been known to collapse, causing sinkholes in the land above.