States of Matter HS

https://njctl.org/video/?v=FKo6aD9hqkc

States of Matter

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Atoms are the basic units of matter. At the atomic level, we
know atoms bond together to create compounds due to
electronegativity and Coulombic or electrostatic attraction.

Chemical compounds react with each other, breaking and
re-forming bonds, to make new chemicals.

Matter We See

Model of water molecules

We also know that atoms and molecules are very small. We can't
actually see a substance unless it is made up of many particles.

1 mL of water at 4 Celsius = 1 gram of water
1 gram of water =3.34x1022 molecules of water

What makes all of the water molecules stick together to make a
large enough amount we can actually see?

Matter We See

We first explained atoms, elements and how to build up the
periodic table from quantum numbers.

Then we explained how atoms combine to form molecules - the
most common way we find most atoms in nature - and learned
about how atoms from molecules rearrange in chemical
reactions to form new chemical compounds.

Now, we're going to use intermolecular forces between
molecules to create the common states of matter.

So far this year….

Intermolecular forces are the piece we need to add to the
puzzle to explain the world around us.

Without intermolecular forces, we wouldn't have tables,
lakes, wall...or even our bodies.

Intermolecular forces shape our world.

Intermolecular Forces

While there are many states of matter, the three common states
that dominate our world are gases, liquids and solids.

We won't be discussing more exotic states such as plasma,
nuclear matter, etc.

States of Matter

The 2 fundamental differences between states of matter are:

the distance between particles

the particles' freedom to move

States of Matter

cool or
increase
pressure

heat or
decrease
pressure

cool

heat

Particles are far
apart,
total freedom,
much of empty
space,
total disorder

disorder, freedom,
free to move
relative
to each other,
close together

ordered
arrangement,
particles are in
fixed
positions,
close together

Gas Liquid Crystalline solid

Solid Liquid Gas

Click to watch a video
about the phases of
matter

States of Matter: Gas

VOLUME

SHAPE

FLOW

DIFFUSION

Assumes the shape of its
container

Expands to the volume of
its container

COMPRESSION

Is compressible

Flows easily

Very Rapid

States of Matter: Liquid

VOLUME

SHAPE

FLOW

DIFFUSION

Assumes the shape of
the part of a
container it occupies

Does not expand to the
volume of the container

COMPRESSION

Flows easily

slower rate than gas

Is virtually incompressible

States of Matter: Solid

VOLUME

SHAPE

FLOW

DIFFUSION

COMPRESSION

Retains its own shape
regardless of container

Does not expand to the
volume of its container

Is virtually incompressible

Does not flow

Slowest rate of diffusion

In the solid and liquid states particles are closer together,
we refer to those states as condensed phases.

cool or
increase
pressure

heat or
decrease
pressure

cool

heat

Particles are far
apart,
total freedom,
much of empty
space,
total disorder

disorder, freedom,
free to move
relative
to each other,
close together

ordered
arrangement,
particles are in
fixed
positions,
close together

Gas

Liquid

Crystalline Solid

Condensed Phases

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of a gas?

• Fills only a portion of its container

• Molecules are in relatively rigid positions

• Takes on the shape of its entire container

• Is not compressible

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of a solid?

• Fills only a portion of its container

• Molecules are in relatively rigid positions

• Takes on the shape of its entire container

• Is not compressible

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of a liquid?

• Fills only a portion of its container

• Molecules are in relatively rigid positions

• Takes on the shape of its entire container

• Is not compressible