Earth’s Processes, Cycles, and History

Physical Geology: Geological processes

Orogenesis, Glyptogenesis, and Lithogenesis

​Rocks and the Rock Cycle

​Rocks can become other types of rock through geological processes,

some of which are related to plate motion.

​All types of rock can be transformed into all other types of

rock in a process called the rock cycle.

Multiple Choice

_________ is a type of igneous rock that forms from the slow cooling of magma.

• Sedimentary

• Extrusive igneous

• Metamorphic

• Intrusive igneous

Multiple Choice

________ are small pieces of material that comes from rocks or living things.

• Sediments

• Intrusive

• Extrusive

• Chalk

Multiple Choice

_______________ is a type of igneous rock that is formed from the fast cooling of lava.

• Sedimentary

• Intrusive igneous

• Metamorphic

• Extrusive igneous

Changes in Earth's Surface

Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Interactive!)

Adventure starts NOW!

EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. 

Volcanoes

Put simply, a volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface. Usually found in a mountain, the opening allows gas, hot magma and ash to escape from beneath the Earth’s crust.

​Tectonic Plates

• where 2 plates meet
• 3 types of plate boundaries since there are three ways that plates can meet.
1. divergent plate boundaries
Plates can move away from each other
2. convergent plate boundary
They can move toward each other
3. transform plate boundary
They can slide past each other

pLATE BOUNDARIES

Multiple Choice

What kind of plate boundary is shown in this picture?

• plates sliding past each other.

• a divergent boundary.

• a convergent boundary.

• a transform boundary.

Multiple Select

There are two plate motions that we have been studying- what are they?

• Subversion Plate Motion

• Convergent Plate Motion

• Fractured Plate Motion

• Divergent Plate Motion

Multiple Select

Click the definition that accurately defines Divergent Plate Motion

• Two plates moving away from each other

• Two plates moving toward each other

• Two plates floating near each other

• Two plates next to each other

Multiple Select

Click the definition that accurately defines Convergent Plate Motion

• Two plates moving away from each other

• Two plates moving toward one another

• Two plates floating next to each other

• Two plates near each other

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are landforms that can be made from Convergent Plate Motion? (There are 2 correct answers).

• Landslide

• Hurricane

• Volcanic Eruption

• Earthquake

Multiple Choice

Why are fossils fuels so widely used?

• They are renewable so they won't run out.

• They pollution they produce is less compared to renewable energy sources.

• They are easy to obtain and process.

• They don't disrupt the environment when mined from the earth.

Multiple Choice

Natural gas and petroleum were both formed _____.

• in swamp lands.

• under ancient seas.

• on the surface of the oceans.

• underground.

Multiple Choice

The fossil fuel represented in this picture is _____.

• coal

• petroleum

• natural gas

• nuclear

Multiple Choice

The fossil fuel represented in this picture is ____.

• coal

• natural gas

• petroleum

• crude oil

Multiple Choice

The fossil fuel represented in this picture is _____.

• coal

• petroleum

• crude oil

• natural gas

Multiple Choice

The gasoline used to power cars most likely comes from _____.

• petroleum/ oil

• natural gas

• coal

• hydroelectricity

Multiple Choice

Fossil fuels were formed from ____.

• the remains of once living organisms.

• the earth.

• solids, liquids, and gases, made millions of years ago.

• sun and water.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of fossil fuels?

• They are non-renewable.

• They produce harmful pollution.

• They can easily be replaced as they are used.

• They are inexpensive.

Multiple Choice

The gas form of fossil fuels is ____.

• petroleum

• natural gas

• coal

• heat

Multiple Choice

The liquid form of fossil fuels is ___.

• coal

• petroleum

• natural gas

• gasoline

Multiple Choice

Fossil Fuels form in sedimentary rocks when -

• A. plants use the nutrients in the sediments to grow
• B. organic matter is buried along with sediments
• C. rivers carry sediments down mountainsides
• D. sediments are used by humans as a resource

Multiple Choice

What had to be applied in order to make buried organic matter into fossil fuels?

• A. Industrial Pollution
• B. Ocean Currents
• C. Volcanic Activity
• D. Heat and pressure

Multiple Choice

The four factors that contribute to the formation of fossil fuels are

• energy, sunlight, food and water

• natural gas, oil, and coal

• organic matter, temperature, time, pressure

• plastic, medicine, cosmetics and jewelry

Multiple Choice

The flame on your stove is an example of

• coal

• petroleum

• natural gas

• oil

FOSSILS and the FOSSIL RECORD

​What are fossils?

Fossils are remains or traces of organisms that lived over 10,000 years ago that form extremely slowly.

FOSSIL RECORD

• there are many types of fossils of plants and animals

• they were formed at different times over millions of years

• the FOSSIL RECORD is the history of life as documented by fossils in different rocks

• the FOSSIL RECORD can tell us when species appeared and disappeared and how species changed over time

​Scientists can reconstruct ancient ecosystems and habitats using fossil records. By studying fossils in a particular rock layer, a scientist can describe what the animal and plant communities in that area were. They can compare these fossil communities with communities found today. This helps them build a picture of the environment the fossils came from and how it changed over time. From fossil information, they can even determine the ecological relationships between now-extinct organisms. If they found evidence of mass extinction, it would be possible to pinpoint a significant moment in Earth’s environmental history.

Fossils Provide Evidence of Environmental Changes

by Michaela Leys

​As ancient  plants and animals evolved over millions of years, they adapted to Earth’s changing environment. When landmasses split or climate changed, animals evolved in response. The fossils tell the story of this evolution. Because of this cause and effect, changes in the fossil record can tell us about changes in Earth’s environment.

Multiple Choice

Plants and animals evolve in response to 

• tractors

• climate change and continents splitting 

• fossilization 

• marine life

Multiple Choice

Where are fossils found?

• In San Diego

• all over the world

• in the deserts

• at museums

Multiple Choice

What enters the preserved remains that turns them into fossils?

• minerals

• sediment

• rocks

• soil

The Water Cycle

Movement of Water

• Water on the Earth is continuously moving through the water cycle.

• Water moves through the water cycle in the atmosphere as humidity, clouds, and precipitation. Water also moves in oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers.

• The Sun is the major source of energy that moves water through the water cycle.

• Most of the Earth's water can be found in the oceans.

Evaporation

The Sun heats up water and causes it to change states from a liquid to a gas. Water changes into water vapor.

Condensation

As water vapor begins to cool, it changes from a gas back into a liquid in the clouds

Precipitation

Rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls from clouds

These are the four stages we will learn about

Multiple Choice

Sun’s heat causes which of the following movements of water in the water cycle?

• Rivers flowing down mountains

• Evaporation from oceans

• Precipitation from clouds

• Collection of water in lakes

Multiple Choice

The labeled diagram shows the water cycle. In the diagram, which letter represents condensation?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

What does condensation look like in the sky?

• It looks like rain

• It looks like clouds

• It looks like a tornado

• I see it on my windows

Multiple Choice

Steam is an example of which part of the water cycle?

• Condensation

• Precipitation

• Ground absorption

• Evaporation

The Sun

The sun is what makes the water cycle work. The thermal energy provided by the sun causes evaportation.

​Weather vs. Climate

​

​

Unit 1

Ms. Pineda

​

• ​The state of the atmosphere at a particular point in time. (wind, rain, temperature). ​

• This can change very quickly. (minute by minute).

• Example: Today it’s sunny and 72 degrees fahrenheit.  Partly cloudy.​

​

Weather

​

• The weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. 

• ​This takes a very long time to change.

• ​Example: Summers in Miami Average 89 degrees fahrenheit temperatures

​

Climate

A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.​

​

Humidity

A measure of the amount of thermal energy in an object or substance. 

​

Temperature

​

The force that the column of air above exerts on the surface below. 

​

Air Pressure

A form of water that condenses in the atmosphere and falls to Earth’s surface.​

​

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

Precipitation

Multiple Choice

Weather or Climate?

In parts of the Sahara desert less than 1 inch of rain falls annually. ​

• Weather

• Climate

Multiple Choice

Weather or Climate?

Miami typically goes through a dry season every year from October to April.

• Weather

• Climate

Multiple Choice

Weather or Climate?

There is a chance of thunderstorms later tonight but the weekend should be clear.

• Weather

• Climate

Multiple Choice

What is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place called?

• front

• high

• low

• weather

Multiple Choice

What is the average weather in an area over a long period of time called?

• weather

• front

• key

• climate

Latitude and Longitude

Longitude and Latitude

LATITUDE

Latitude lines are parallel lines that measure how far North or South based on the Equator.  The Equator is halfway around the world and starts at 0 degrees. 90 degrees is the highest degree at the North and South poles.

LONGITUDE

Lines of LONGITUDE start at 0 degrees at the Prime Meridian.  Longitude lines measure lines east or west of the Prime Meridian. They can go up to 180 degrees (which is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean).  

COORDINATES

Longitude and Latitude line cross.  At these intersecting points create the coordinates.  Latitude lines are listed first then latitude lines.  

EX: 30 degrees N., 60 degrees E.

Multiple Select

Select the 3 facts about LONGITUDE lines:

• Equator is the base line

• Measures points East & West

• Are parallel

• Based from the Prime Meridian

• Measures from 0 to 180 degrees

Multiple Choice

A ____ is a FLAT representation of an area.

• Map

• Globe

• Scale

• Symbol

Multiple Choice

What is the line of LATITUDE that runs across the world at 0°?

• Equator

• Prime Meridian

• International Dateline

• Line of Demarkation

Multiple Choice

Which comes first when writing coordinates, Latitude or Longitude?

• Latitude

• Longitude

• It doesn't matter

• Whichever you feel is best in the moment

Climate change

Brigitte Mendoza

Global warming

​Global warming is the increase in temperature of the earth same that is reflected in the oceans and atmosphere (gas layer of a celestial body).

​Global warming

​Global warming it is generated from carbon dioxide and other polluting gases known as greenhouse gases of human origin that are released into the atmosphere

Some ​consequences of climate change

• Melting​ of glaciers

• Climate change ​

• ​Change in the hydrological cycle

• ​Damage to the ozone layer

Multiple Choice

What is global warming?

• It is the rise in temperature of the earth

• economic activity of the primary sector consisting of felling of trees

Multiple Choice

global warming is generated from carbon dioxide and other polluting gases

• True

• false

Multiple Select

types of causes of global warming ...

• Naural

• Artificial

• Chemical

• Biological

Multiple Choice

Which country is the most affected by global warming?

• China

• Mex

• Afghanistan

• Japan

Multiple Choice

How does global warming affect the environment?

• The accumulation of gases causes climates to change Causing droughts

• Change the weather

What is the relationship between global warming and climate change?

There is clearly a relationship between these two terms. As we said earlier, global warming is causing climate change, so there is a cause-and-effect relationship. Global warming was the first term that people used to describe what was going on. But this term is too narrow to describe the complete effects. So, climate change is used more often now because it better represents what is actually going on.

Bahasa Inggris

Global Warming vs. Climate Change

Multiple Choice

What is the meaning of the 3 Rs?

• Reuse

  Reply

  Refresh

• Reuse

  Reduce

  Recycle

• Reuse

  Refuse

  Record

Multiple Choice

Trees help the Earth because...

• ...they absorb huge amounts of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the air and release oxygen back into it.

• ...they absorb huge amounts of oxygen from the air and release Carbon Dioxide (CO2) back into it.

Multiple Choice

Things you can do to help decrease Global Warming include:

• Keep your air conditioner on high.

• Keep your deep freezer door open.

• Eat more ice cream.

• Turn off your lights when you’re not using them.

Multiple Choice

1.Where does most of the energy that warms the Earth’s surface come from?

• Sun

• Electricity

• Warmth generated from animals