TCi Adaptation Lesson 3

Darwin's Theory of evolution

through natural selection

Multiple Choice

Who is the father of evolution?

• Darwin

• Mendel

• Newton

• Einstein

Vocabulary

Trait - a characteristic of an organism

Adaptation - an inherited trait evolved through natural selection that makes a population well suited to living

and reproducing in its environment

Evolution - the inherited changes that occur in a population over time

Natural Selection - the process through which individuals in a population with certain inherited traits

are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with less favorable traits in a specific environment

Population - a group of individuals of the same species that live and reproduce in the same place

Genetic Variation - differences in the inherited traits of different individuals

Multiple Choice

Differences that exist naturally among members of a population or species___?

• mutation

• adaptation

• variations

• evolution

Multiple Choice

What is a change in an organism that allows for it to survive in its environment?

• homologous

• vestigial

• variation

• adaptation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct definition of natural selection?

• The idea that organisms less equipped for their environment tend to survive longer

• The idea that organisms more well equipped for their environment tend to survive longer

• The idea that organisms more well equipped for their environment tend to not survive

• None.

Multiple Choice

Populations consist of

• a group of individuals of the same species that live and reproduce in the same place

• multiple species

• the biotic and abiotic factors of an environment

• a grouping of ecosystems

0. Introduction

-In the 1830 a young, gentleman naturalist
- Charles Darwin - sailed around the
world on the HMS Beagle...this voyage
and his observation had world changing
effects

-Before Darwin, many believed life was
created and never changed

-After Dawin people understand life
evolves and is ever changing

Reorder

Organize the places Darwin Stopped in the the correct order:

• England

• Mainland South America

• The Galapagos Islands

• Australia

• South Africa

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

1. Darwin’s Voyage on the Beagle

-Darwin was always interested in nature and science -
he tried to study medicine and theology but did not like
either

-1831, At 22 took internship on the ship (boat) HMS
Beagle, a mapping ship; looking at the coast of south
america (no satellites at this time or cell phones)

-The voyage took 5 years...and Darwin learned he gets
very Sea Sick, but he did have lots of reading time

-Influential book:

-Geologist Charles Lyell Book- the earth changes slowly over time and is

older then people (at this time) think

-This was on Darwin's mind as he experienced to events:

a.A large earthquake that caused a section of ground to lift up

b.Discovered ocean fossils at the top of some mountains

Multiple Choice

The idea that the earth is millions of years old gave Darwin the idea that evolution of species could happen.

• Charles Lyell

  (and John Hutton )

• Thomas Malthus

• Alfred Russel Wallace

• John Baptiste LaMarck

2. Darwin Visits the Galápagos Islands

-In 1835, the Beagle arrived at the Galápagos

Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean about 1,000
kilometers from the coast of South America.

-Darwin saw many Galápagos species resembled
mainland South American species, he felt they
somehow traveled from South America to the
Galápagos and then changed… producing a new
Galápagos species

Example finches: Galápagos finches varied in the
size and shape of their beaks - each beak for a
different diet

a.finches that ate seeds had large, thick beaks for
cracking seeds open

b.finches that ate insects had narrow beaks for
grasping insects.

Finches and Iguanas from both locations

Multiple Choice

What islands did Darwin do most of his research on?

• Hawaiian Islands

• Malta Islands

• Galapagos Islands

• Indonesia Archipelagos

Multiple Choice

Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches 
 

• have the ability to interbreed. have the ability to interbreed.

• acquired traits through use and disuse.

• all eat the same type of food.

• descended from a common ancestor.

3. Darwin Develops a Theory

-On the voyage Darwin considered the work of
two other individuals:

a.Lamarck - proposed animals changed...before Darwin...but
he had the wrong mechanism - he did allow the idea of
organism changing to be debated by scientists

b.Malthus - (The principles of population) -an economist who
describe the phenomena of exponential population growth
and the danger of it as compared with the available food
for people (he did not allow for technology increasing food
amounts)

-Darwin realize many creatures on Islands
look like slightly different version of mainland
organisms...he realizes they came from
mainland then changes on islands...this is an
ah hah moment

Multiple Choice

Who am I? I wrote about human populations. Darwin built off of my research and came up with the idea of natural selection.

• John Hutton

• Charles Lyell

• Alfred Russel Wallace

• John Baptiste LaMarck

• Thomas Malthus

Multiple Choice

Who am I? My idea was called the inheritance of acquired traits. Darwin disagreed with me but did believe traits could be passed down.

• John Hutton

• Charles Lyell

• Alfred Russel Wallace

• John Baptiste LaMarck

• Thomas Malthus

3. Darwin Develops a Theory (Continued)

-Darwin's thinking

1.

knows organism change from Lamarck and
others (fossiles, specimen collection, see's
similar but different organism in south
america and galapagos→

2.

realize change takes a long time (with help
from Lyell's ideas on geology and fossils) →

3.

realizes from Malthus that all Life
overproduces and some will die →

4.

leads to NATURAL SELECTION

Multiple Choice

Darwin theorized that individuals having an advantage due to their traits or abilities will be more likely to survive and reproduce.  This theory is known as

• evolution

• speciation

• adaptation

• natural selection

4. Darwin’s Idea of Natural Selection

Natural selection acts on POPULATIONS not individuals

-individuals produce far more offspring than can possibly survive

-not enough resources for every living thing to survive and reproduce

-creates “struggle for existence”

-Populations have variation...the better variation are more likely to
survive and be passed on

-As the trait accululatem and becomes more exaggerated in a population
we call it an ADAPTATION

-The process occurring over many generations is called EVOLUTION

Example: Cactus finches have long beaks to help them eat...their
ancestor (and cousins...other finches do not)

Peppered moths in
non polluted
environment
Peppered moths
in polluted
environment

Multiple Choice

Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin’s observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galápagos Islands? 

• artificial selection

• adaptation

• acquired characteristics

• tendency towards perfection

Multiple Choice

What is survival of the fittest?

• It is where the fittest die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes

• It is where the fittest die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes

• It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore can't reproduce and pass on their genes

• It is where the fittest don't die out and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes

Evolution Through Natural Selection (copy into notes)

1. Genetic variation (different individuals
have different inherited traits)

2. Natural selection (individuals with
certain inherited traits are more likely to
survive and reproduce than those with
less favorable traits in a specific
environment)

3. Evolution (inherited changes occur in
a population over time).

Hotspot

What adaptation did Darwin notice about the birds (finches) of the Galapagos? Click on the correct adaptation on the picture.

Multiple Choice

What characteristic does "survival of the fittest" need for survival of a species.

• Genetic Variation

• Speed

• Beak shape

• Biodiversity

Multiple Choice

Which factor most directly influenced the evolution of the diverse types of beaks of these finches? 

• predation by humans 

• available food sources 

• oceanic storms 

• lack of available niches 

5. Darwin Publishes His Work

-Darwin waited many years to publish
his book:

-Worried about the reaction due to
conflict with peoples beliefs

-Gathered more evidence to make
ideas difficult to argue against

-Wallace independently (on his own)
verifies Darwin's ideas...they present
Natural Selection together in 1858

-Darwin publish On the Origin of Species by

Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Multiple Choice

Why did Darwin finally publish his results?

• He wanted to go on another voyage and the only way to do that was to show he found something during his first one.

• He needed to make money and thought that his book would be a huge success.

• His daughter found his book and told him that he need to publish it.

• A friend of his, Alfred Wallace, sent him a document with similar findings. Also, Captain Fitzroy published his account of the voyage.

Multiple Choice

Who am I? I wrote Darwin about my theory of natural selection. He decided to publish his book before I could.

• John Hutton

• Charles Lyell

• Alfred Russel Wallace

• John Baptiste LaMarck

• Thomas Malthus

Multiple Choice

What was the name of the book Darwin published?

• How it is we evolved.

• What is evolution?

• The Origin of Species.

• The Starting Point of All Life.

Multiple Choice

This picture would be an example of....

• adapation

• selection

• variation

Multiple Choice

What is this an example of?

• vestigial structures
• fossil record
• homologous structures
• embryology