DNA to Proteins

FROM DNA TO

PROTEINS

EOC Review

Camp

SC.912.L.16.3 DNA Replication

SC.912.L.16.4 Mutations

SC.912.L.16.5 Transcription / Translation

SC.912.L.16.9 Universal Genetic Code

Packet
16.3

1.Use base pairing rules to complete the complementary strand of a DNA

molecule.

2.List the primary functions of the enzymes helicase, primase, DNA

polymerase, and ligase.

3.Describe the correct sequence of the process of replication.
4.Explain why the process of replication is semiconservative.

Packet
16.5

1.Describe the three differences between DNA and RNA
2.If provided with a DNA sequence, transcribe it to RNA
3.If provided with an RNA sequence, translate it to a polypeptide chain

using a genetic code chart

4.Explain the role of DNA, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in the basic

processes of transcription and translation

Packet
16.4

1.Explain that mutations will only be passed to offspring if they occur in

gametes.

2.Explain that mutations will always change the genotype but may or may

not change the phenotype.

3.Understand that gene mutations can occur as a result of addition,

deletion, or substitution.

4.Explain the difference between silent mutations, frameshift mutations,

missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.

What Do I Need To Know?

I can use base pairing rules to complete the complementary strand of a DNA molecule.

o DNA is a nucleic acid

made of nucleotides

o The nucleotides can be

joined together in any
order.

Labelling

I can use base pairing rules to complete the complementary strand of a DNA Molecule.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

G

C

T

A

Multiple Choice

The sequence of bases on one strand of a DNA molecules is AGCCTAG. After replication of the strand of DNA, what is the sequence of nitrogen bases on the complementary strand?

• TCGCTAG

• TCGGGCA

• GATCCGA

• TCGGATC

What Do I Need To Know?

I can explain the role of enzymes in the process of replication

Reorder

Place the enzymes involved in DNA Replication in the correct order

• DNA Helicase

• Primase

• DNA Polymerase

• Ligase

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Match

Match the following

• DNA Polymerase

• DNA Ligase

• DNA Primase

• DNA Helicase

Joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA using the old strand as a template.

Binds fragments together by addition of phosphates in the haps that remain in the backbone.

Initiates replication by adding a short RNA fragment called a primer to the old strands

Binds to the double stranded DNA and stimulates the separation of the two strands

• Joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA using the old strand as a template.

• Binds fragments together by addition of phosphates in the haps that remain in the backbone.

• Initiates replication by adding a short RNA fragment called a primer to the old strands

• Binds to the double stranded DNA and stimulates the separation of the two strands

Multiple Choice

At what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur and why?

• before a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions

• before a cell divides, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells

• during cell division, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells

• after a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions

Multiple Choice

The first step in DNA replication occurs when the DNA molecule separates into two strands. What is the next step in DNA replication?

• DNA polymerase joins the individual nucleotides.

• DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.

• Primase adds an RNA primer to the DNA molecules

• DNA polymerase “proofreads” each strand to make sure the sequence is correct.

Multiple Choice

During DNA replication, the DNA molecule produces two new complementary strands. DNA replication is often described as semiconservative because each DNA molecule has one new strand and one original strand. Which enzyme begins the process of replication by unwinding the double helix?

• DNA polymerase

• Helicase

• Primase

• DNA ligase

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements explains the importance of enzymes that check for and repair mistakes during DNA replication?

• The enzymes replace the DNA with RNA.

• The enzymes speed up the rate of RNA synthesis.

• The enzymes remove many recessive gene copies from the nucleus.

• The enzymes prevent many genetic mutations from being expressed.

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can explain why

the process of
replication is

semiconservative

.

Semi =

half

Conserve
= to keep

To keep

half

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows DNA replication. Which of the following statements about the process shown is true?

• Two new molecules form that are identical to the original molecule.

• Two new molecules form that are different from the original molecule.

• The original molecule is rearranged into one new molecule.

• Two new molecules form, one of which is identical to the original molecule.

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can describe the
three differences

between DNA

and RNA

U R Single.

Multiple Choice

Nucleic acids are key macromolecules for the continuity of life. Nucleic acids come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). How does RNA and DNA differ from DNA?

• RNA contains uracil and deoxyribose

• RNA contains ribose and thymine.

• RNA contains uracil and ribose.

• RNA contains adenine and ribose.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference in structure between RNA and DNA?

• RNA is double stranded while DNA is single stranded.

• RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded.

• RNA has a 6-carbon sugar while DNA has a 5-carbon sugar.

• RNA has a 5-carbon sugar while DNA has a 6-carbon sugar.

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can explain how

and why the genetic
code is universal and
is common to almost

all organisms.

The universality of the genetic code
is among the strongest evidence that

all living things share a common

ancestor

Multiple Choice

The genetic code is nearly universal. That is, with few exceptions, the same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms. What does the near universality of the genetic code suggest?

• All life-forms can reproduce with one another.

• All life-forms have the same number of genes.

• All life-forms have a common evolutionary ancestor.

• All life-forms arose about the same time in Earth’s history

Multiple Choice

Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below.

Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?

• DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same.

• Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells.

• The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria.

• Bacterial cells and human cells contain the same kind of chromosomes.

What Do I Need To Know?

I can transcribe a DNA sequence to mRNA, and vice versa

What Do I Need To Know?

I can transcribe a DNA sequence to mRNA, and vice versa

Multiple Choice

What DNA sequence complements the messenger RNA sequence below?

ACUGACGUCGAA

• ACTGACGTCGAA

• ACUGACGUCGAA

• UGACUGCAGCUU

• TGACTGCAGCTT

Multiple Choice

A DNA sequence is shown below.

TAGGAGCAT

What is produced when the sequence

is transcribed?

• a chain of three amino acids

• a set of three tRNA molecules

• a section of DNA with the base sequence ATCCTCGTA

• a section of mRNA with the base sequence AUCCUCGUA

What Do I Need To Know?

I can explain the role of DNA and mRNA in the process of
transcription

Another way of
saying PROTEIN

synthesis

Translation results in an

amino acid chain

(monomer of proteins)

Another way of

saying RNA
synthesis

mRNA is

“translated” three

bases at a time

(CODON)

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can explain the role of

mRNA, rRNA, and
tRNA in the basic

processes of

transcription and

translation

All three forms of RNA (mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA) are involved in the process of

translation

Multiple Choice

How do the functions of DNA and RNA differ?

• DNA directs protein transport, while RNA aids in energy production.

• DNA aids in energy production, while RNA directs protein transport.

• DNA stores genetic information, while RNA relays genetic information for protein synthesis.

• DNA relays genetic information for protein synthesis, while RNA stores genetic information.

Multiple Choice

What most likely happen if tRNA malfunctioned during the assembly of a protein molecules?

• Amino acids would no longer be transported into the cell.

• Mutations would happen in the segment of mRNA as it formed.

• The wrong amino acids would be added to the new protein molecule.

• Bonds between the amino acids would no longer form inside the ribosome.

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can explain the
basic process of
transcription and
translation, and
how they result

in gene

expression

o During translation, or protein

synthesis, the cell uses information
from mRNA to produce proteins.
o Takes place on ribosomes.
o Cell uses all three forms of RNA

during translation.
o mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Labelling

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

mRNA

codon

ribosome

tRNA

polypeptide

DNA

anticodon

Amino Acids

Multiple Choice

Which of the following correctly represents the pathway taken by the genetic code during protein synthesis?

• DNA → mRNA → chromosome → tRNA → protein

• DNA → tRNA → ribosome → mRNA → protein

• DNA → mRNA → ribosome → tRNA → protein

• DNA → tRNA → chromosome → mRNA → protein

What Do I Need To Know?

If provided with an DNA sequence, I can transcribe it to mRNA, and

translate it to a polypeptide chain using a genetic code chart

ASP

ASP

ASP

ASP

ASP

Multiple Choice

The DNA base sequence AAA-CAG-CTG will code for what three amino acids?

• phenylalanine, valine, aspartic acid

• asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine

• asparagine, valine, aspartic acid

• phenylalanine, histidine, proline

Multiple Choice

A small portion of an mRNA sequence is shown below.

AAUGACUGGCUC

Starting with the first base, how many codons does this portion of the sequence contain?

• 1

• 4

• 6

• 12

Multiple Choice

A DNA sequence is shown below.

TAGGAGCAT

What is produced when the sequence

is transcribed?

• a chain of three amino acids

• a set of three tRNA molecules

• a section of DNA with the base sequence ATCCTCGTA

• a section of mRNA with the base sequence AUCCUCGUA

What Do I
Need To
Know?

I can explain that

mutations will

only be passed to
offspring if they
occur in gametes.

Multiple Choice

Mutations can occur during mitosis, which produces body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes. Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

• Mutations in the DNA of body cells cannot affect the individual in which they happen.

• A mutation in the DNA of a body cell can cause the cell to produce a protein that does not function.

• A mutation in the DNA of a gamete affects the body cells of the individual that produced the gamete.

• Mutations in the DNA of body cells can cause the offspring to produce a protein that does not function.

What Do I Need To Know?

I can explain that mutations will always change the genotype but

may or may not change the phenotype.

Multiple Choice

All six codons listed below code for the same amino acid during protein synthesis.

CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG

Which of the following statements describes an advantage of having multiple codons for the same amino acid?

• The length of the protein chain will be reduced.

• The effect of mutations in the DNA could be reduced.

• The ribosome will more quickly read the order of the bases during translation.

• The cell could use the bases that are most available in the nucleus to assemble DNA.