By + gerund

Cause-Effect Relationships

​Language for Writing

Cause-Effect Relationship

Is what happens, the result

​Effect

Is the event that happens first, is something that makes something else happens

​Cause

Example 1

improves overall health

​Effect

Regular exercise

​Cause

Example 2

improves popular cultural understanding

​Effect

Study abroad

​Cause

Example 3

Improves Memory

​Effect

The Loci Method

​Cause

Connecting or Signal Words

then

therefore

as a result

​because

so

if

​Here is a list of words for this type of relationship:

Multiple Choice

In a Cause-Effect Relationship, something that makes something happen is

• Effect

• Answer

• Cause

• Question

Multiple Choice

In a Cause-Effect Relationship, the result is the

• Effect

• Answer

• Cause

• Question

Multiple Choice

Which word is NOT a signal or connecting word for cause-effect relationship?

• because

• so

• not

• if

Multiple Choice

Which word is NOT a signal or connecting word for cause-effect relationship?

• because

• so

• not

• if

Language for Writing

There are many ways to show cause-effect relationships. One such way is using: by + gerund verb (-ing ending).

Example 1

overall health improves.

​Effect

By exercising regularly,

​Cause

Example 2

popular cultural understanding improves.

​Effect

By studying abroad,

​Cause

Example 3

memory improves.

​Effect

By using the Loci Method,

​Cause

​NOTE

By + gerund (verb -ing) can appear at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Use a comma when they appear at the beginning of sentence.

By using the Loci Method, memory improves.

Multiple Choice

A Gerund is a verb with which ending:

• -tion

• -ful

• -ing

• -able

Multiple Choice

When by + gerund is used at the beginning of a sentence, which punctuation mark is used?

• colon (:)

• semi-colon (;)

• period (.)

• comma (,)

Exploring Written English

Activity A (p. 15)

Activity B & C, (p. 16)

Editing Practice (p. 20)

​

​Assignment