Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to

Anatomy and Physiology

I. Divisions of study

– Heart is divided into 4 chambers to efficiently circulate

blood (2 chambers receive blood, 2 chambers pump
blood)

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​

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is the study of the parts of the body, like the parts of the heart.
​

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is the study of how the body works, like how blood moves through the heart.
Therefore, ​

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= the structures of the body and
​

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= the functions of the body.

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Identify if the following is anatomy or physiology.
Eye = ​

Placeholder

. Lungs = ​

Placeholder

. Breathing = ​

Placeholder

.
Pumping blood = ​

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. Skin = ​

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Anatomy

Physiology

Model Builder: HHMI BioInteractive

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Match

Match the following structures with their functions.

• Brain

• Antibodies

• Muscles

• Kidneys

• Intestines

Thinking

Destroying infections

Move bones

Make urine

Absorb nutrients

• Thinking

• Destroying infections

• Move bones

• Make urine

• Absorb nutrients

II. Basic terminology

Common language

used to describe
the human body

Correct

anatomical

position

A. Relative Positions

1.

Superior

2.

Inferior

3.

Anterior (ventral)

4.

Posterior (dorsal)

5.

Medial

6.

Lateral

7.

Proximal

8.

Distal

9.

Superficial

10.

Deep

Hotspot

What is the most superior positon?

Hotspot

What is the most anterior positon?

Hotspot

What is the most superior positon?

Hotspot

What is the most lateral positon?

Hotspot

What is the most posterior positon?

Hotspot

What is the most medial positon?

Hotspot

What is the most inferior positon?

Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) – plane

dividing body into
ventral and dorsal
sections

• Sagittal – plane dividing

body into left and right
sections

• Transverse (cross

section) – divides body
into inferior and superior
sections, or proximal
distal sections

Which body plane?

Which body plane?

Which body plane?

Which body plane?

Which body plane?

Which body plane?

1.

A is _____ to B.

2.

C is _____ to D

3.

J is _____ to L.

4.

G is _____ to I.

5.

K is _____ to D

6.

E is _____ to F

7.

I is ______ to E.

8.

L is ______ to H.

http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseNA/pb9.htm

1.

A is _____ to B. anterior

2.

C is _____ to D lateral

3.

J is _____ to L. superior

4.

G is _____ to I. anterior

5.

K is _____ to D- lateral

6.

E is _____ to F- inferior

7.

I is ______ to E.- posterior

8.

L is ______ to H. - superior

http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseNA/pb9.htm

Fig. 1.08a

http://www.med.harvard.edu/AA

NLIB/cases/caseNA/pb9.htm

III. Body Plan

• Regions

– Head, neck, trunk

(thorax, abdomen,
pelvis), upper
appendages,
lower appendages

IV. Body cavities

1.

Dorsal
–

Cranial cavity

–

Vertebral canal

2.

Ventral
–

Thoracic cavity
•

Mediastinum
–

Pericardial cavity

•

Pleural cavities

–

Abdominopelvic
cavity

Fig. 1.08a

Ventral cavity is ___ to dorsal cavity.
The cranial cavity is ___ to vertebral
canal.
The pleural cavities are ___ to the
pericardial cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is ___ to the
thoracic cavity
The mediastinum is ___ to the
pericardial cavity.
The thoracic cavity is ___ to the ventral
cavity.

Homeostasis

•

Regulation of internal body conditions

•

As the body’s physical and chemical
environment changes there are two
methods of response

1.

Negative Feedback Loop

2.

Positive Feedback Loop

Negative Feedback

Loop

• Interdependent system

that reverses the
direction of change

• Balancing feedback

loop

• Self-regulatory cycle
• Data model:

• Interdependent system

that increases the
direction of change

• Reinforcing feedback

loop

• Vicious cycle and

virtuous

• Data model:

Positive Feedback

Loop

Experiment in homeostasis

Pulse rate fluctuation:
1.

Person A is the subject

2.

Person B measures pulse (and records
pulse)

3.

C records pulse

1

2

3 4 5

6

7 8

Number of pulses per 15s

Number of pulses per minute

Which are negative feedback loops and which

are positive feedback loops?

A
B

C

D

Modeling Feedback

Inflow

Outflow Stock

3

3

2

2

1

2

3

1

2

S^2

1

2

Homeostasis Mechanism

• Stimulus
• Receptors
• Control center (set point)
• Effectors (muscles or glands)
• Response

Fig. 1.06

Fig. 1.07

1.Negative feedback

• Response reverses

the direction of
change.
– This maintains

homeostasis

– Examples?

Experiment in homeostasis

1) Design and test a controlled hypothesis (or prediction)

of the homeostasis of a person’s heart rate.

2) Be sure to have:

• a control group and experimental group
• Verify your experimental method and independent

variable and dependent variable with Mr. Darkow before
you start your experiment.

• Data from at least 3 different subjects.
3) Graph your data and state your conclusion.

Homework

– Use Loopy to model the negative feedback

loop

Fig. 1.04

2. Positive feedback

• If a change occurs in

a variable, the
response is to
change that variable
even more in the
same direction.
– This has a

de-stabilizing effect,
so it does not result in
homeostasis.

– Examples?

Assignment

1. Draw a diagram of a negative feedback loop that

takes place in human physiology (not body
temperature or heart rate). Graph one of the
variables over time.

2. Draw a diagram of a negative feedback loop that

takes place in society (not thermostat). Graph one
of the variables over time.

3. Draw a diagram of a positive feedback loop that

takes place in human physiology (not childbirth).
Graph one of the variables over time.

4. Draw a diagram of a positive feedback loop that

takes place in society (not waking up in the
morning). Graph one of the variables over time.