Bonding Lesson with Reading

There are only 118 ELEMENTS on earth. Every material in the world is made up of a combination of those 118 ELEMENTS.

Chemical Bonding is how those 118 elements combine at the atomic level to form a new PURE SUBSTANCE. Substances also combine without bonding to make many different MIXTURES.

Valence Electrons determine an element's electronegativity. Read the following article about how valence electrons work
in this periodic table trend.

Article to read:
https://kami.app/gmv-qdP-26N-cc7

Are found in the atom's outermost electron shell.


All electrons are not considered valence electrons.

​VALENCE ELECTRONS

Fill in the Blank

How many valence electrons does this atom have?

Fill in the Blank

How many valence electrons does this atom have?

Fill in the Blank

How many valence electrons does this atom have?

Elements bond in different ways with each other due to their number of valence electrons. There is a pattern in the number of valence electrons on the periodic table.

Multiple Choice

Click on the periodic table and find Calcium. It is number 20. How many valence electrons does it have?

• 20

• 1

• 2

• 13

Draw

Draw the number of Valence Electrons each group will get with the pen tool.

Multiple Choice

Click on the periodic table and find Gallium. It is number 31. How many valence electrons does it have?

• 5

• 31

• 13

• 3

Multiple Choice

Click on the periodic table and find Fluorine. It is number 9. How many valence electrons does it have?

• 9

• 18

• 7

• 17

What is electronegativity?

An element's number of valence electrons will determine its electronegativity. This also determines the type of chemical bond an element will form.

The closer an atom's Valence Electron shell is to full determines electronegativity. Having a full octet however, makes an element less electronegative. Noble Gases have low electronegativity.

​

Electronegativity Electronegativity is the measure of an element's ability to form chemical bonds by attracting an electron from another element.

Count the Valence Electrons for Neon, Nitrogen, and Chlorine. Which has the highest and lowest Electronegativity?

Multiple Select

Look on your periodic table to see if Nitrogen (#7) and Chlorine (#17) are metals or nonmetals.

REMEMBER YOUR two ANSWERS for the next question.

• N is a metal

• N is a nonmetal

• Cl is a metal

• Cl is a nonmetal

​ The video is silent. It shows Ionic and Covalent Bonds.
Ionic is between a metal and a nonmetal: big difference in electronegativity. Covalent is between two nonmetals which have closer electronegativities.

Multiple Choice

A metal and a nonmetal is an ionic bond.

Two nonmetals is a covalent bond.

Which will these two elements form?

• Ionic Bond

• Covalent Bond

Multiple Choice

Look at your periodic table what type of bond will they make?

• Ionic Bond

• Covalent Bond

Multiple Choice

Oxygen #8 and Fluorine #9.

What type of bond will they make?

• Ionic Bond

• Covalent Bond

Which type of bond would boil at the lowest temperature and why does it boil faster?

​

The video will show you two types of bonds. You will determine which type of bond would have a lower boiling point. Watch as the bonds are being pulled apart. You can see how much force it takes to pull by watching the spring and how far the star bounces once it is free. After that, heat will be applied to discover the boiling point.

Multiple Choice

This type of bond forms substances that have

low melting points and boiling points

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond forms from metal and nonmetal atoms

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond will usually have some type of repeating pattern

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond will form between molecules that have similar electronegativities.

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond will form between atoms of elements that have very different electronegativities.

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond will be stronger than the others

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond will be weaker than the others

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond forms substances that have

high melting points and boiling points

• Ionic

• Covalent

Multiple Choice

This type of bond forms substances that have crystal-like structures.

• Ionic

• Covalent