A Brief History of Psychology

Approaches to Psychology

A Brief History of Psychology

How did psychology
develop as a unique
form of study?

Historical
Approaches

How do the four historical perspectives on psychology relate to one another?

●Phrenology

●Greek Philosophers

●Functionalism

●Inheritable Traits

●Gestalt Psychology

●Mary Whiton Calkins, a female pioneer in psychology, contributed greatly
to the field of psychology despite numerous obstacles. In the 1800s,
North American universities barred women from Ph.D. programs.
Despite this, Harvard's William James admitted Calkins into his graduate
seminar. When Calkins joined the seminar, all the other students dropped
it in protest, so James tutored her alone.

● Calkins petitioned Harvard to admit her as a Ph.D. candidate. Harvard
refused and, instead, held an informal examination for her. Calkins
completed the requirements for the doctoral degree and outperformed all her male counterparts on the examination. When Radcliffe University
offered her the doctoral degree, she refused to accept the compromise.

● Calkins served as a full professor of psychology at Wellesley College
and became the first female president of both the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Philosophical Association.

Mary Whiton Calkins 1863-1930

Contemporary

Approaches

What common element are all the contemporary approaches to psychology studying?

●Sigmund Freud

●Psychoanalyst

●Behaviorists

●Human & Cognitivists

Multiple Choice

Free association is a method most closely associated with which of the following approaches to psychology?

• Gestalt

• humanist

• cognitive

• psychoanalytic

Contemporary

Approaches

What common element are all the contemporary approaches to psychology studying?

●Psychobiologists

●Sociocultural Psychologists

○Lev Vygotsky

○Leonard Doob

○2025

Rat Researchers

The scientist most famous for experiments
involving rats pushing buttons was B.F.
Skinner (1904-1990), who focused his
research on behavior conditioned by repeated rewards or punishments.

How do cognitive
psychologists differ from behavioral
psychologists?