THE NATURE OF NATION AND STATE

THE NATURE OF NATION AND STATE

1. Definitions of Nation

Nation means groups of people who are united as they have common goals and pretensions to be a state. The followings are several definitions of nation according to several experts.

1. Ernest Renan (French)

   A nation is formed due to pretensions to live together and unite by sharing common solidarity, history and goals.

2. Otto Bauer (German)

   A nation is a group of people who has the same characters given rise to similar fate.

1. The pretension to achieve national unity which consists of the unity in terms of social, economy, politic, religion, culture, commounication and solidarity.

2. The pretension to gain national independece and freedom, namely the freedom from any dominasion and interference from other nations on its home affairs.

3. The pretension to attain autonomy, superiority, individuality, originality or uniqueness. Respecting autonomous national language is one of the examples.

4. The pretension to be an outstanding nation among others in pursuing honor, influence, and prestige of the nation.

Frederich Hertz (German scholar) in his book Nationality in history and politics, states that every nation would have four aspiration elements, as follows.

Multiple Choice

Definition of Nation according to Ernest Renan (French) is....

• A nation is a group of people who has the same characters given rise to similar fate.

• A nation is formed due to pretensions to live together and unite by sharing common solidarity, history and goals.

• A nation is the unity of culture and politics

• A nation is a group of people who has the same characters given rise to similar fate

• A nation is an imagined political community in aclear boundary and sovereign region

Multiple Choice

An example of innovation country is….

• Indonesian

• Malaysia

• Columbia

• Amerika

• Arab Saudi

Multiple Choice

Frederich Hertz (German scholar) in his book Nationality in history and politics, states that every nation would have four aspiration elements, that is.....

• The pretension to achieve national unity which consists of the unity in terms of social, economy, politic, religion, culture, commounication and solidarity.

• A community who profess same religion

• history and common pas experiences

• charismatic figure

• Administration and political institutions

Factors that lead the formation of a nation are closely related to an identity that unifies a community. These factors include primordialism, scared, figure, bhinneka tunggal ika (unity in diversity), historical concept, economical development, and institution.

FORMATION OF A NATION

1. Primordialism

Primordialism refers to kinship ties (blood and family) and common ethnic, territory, language, and tradition. However, cultural diversity could no completely guarantee the establishment of nationalism as it may trigger value conflict.

2. Sacred

A community who profess same religion will have strong doctrinal ideology. This relationship may lead them to set up a nation-sate. However, it does not also guarantee the establishment of nationalism as every society may have different value systems.

3. Figure

Charismatic figure in a society will be a leader to achieve national missions. This kind of leadership could not be inherited.
4. History

History and common past experiences like suffering from colonialization will bring about solidarity (in the same condition). Therefore, it may help communities to have one determination and goal.

5. Figure

   Charismatic figure in a society will be a leader to achieve national missions. This kind of leadership could not be inherited.

6. History

   History and common past experiences like suffering from colonialization will bring about solidarity (in the same condition). Therefore, it may help communities to have one determination and goal.

7. Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity)

   Bhinneka Tunggal Ika means awareness among members of a community on the importance of unity in diversity.

8. Economical Development

   The economical development concentrating on society’s needs will improve quality and variation of other societies’ needs. Thus, it will increase dependence among these societies.

9. Institution

   Administration and political institutions such as bureaucracy, military and political party, have bridged various in society into national interest, working ethos and public service.

Multiple Choice

Primordialism is....

• Charismatic figure in a society will be a leader to achieve national missions

• 5. Administration and political institutions such as bureaucracy, military and political party, have bridged various in society into national interest, working ethos and public service.

• kinship ties (blood and family) and common ethnic, territory, language, and tradition.

• A community who profess same religion will have strong doctrinal ideology.

• 5. The economical development concentrating on society’s needs will improve quality and variation of other societies’ needs.

Multiple Choice

 Economical Development is

• Administration and political institutions such as bureaucracy, military and political party, have bridged various in society into national interest, working ethos and public service.

• The economical development concentrating on society’s needs will improve quality and variation of other societies’ needs.

• Charismatic figure in a society will be a leader to achieve national missions. This kind of leadership could not be inherited.

• suffering from colonialization will bring about solidarity (in the same condition). Therefore, it may help communities to have one determination and goal.

  
  

• kinship ties (blood and family) and common ethnic, territory, language, and tradition.

Multiple Choice

Figure is....

• A community who profess same religion will have strong doctrinal ideology.

• Charismatic figure in a society will be a leader to achieve national missions.

• History and common past experiences like suffering from colonialization will bring about solidarity (in the same condition).

• The economical development concentrating on society’s needs will improve quality and variation of other societies’ needs.

• Administration and political institutions such as bureaucracy, military and political party, have bridged various in society into national interest, working ethos and public service.

2. Definition of State

Etymologically, the term state (“negara” in Inodonesia) is translated from the words de staat (Dutch), der staat (Germany). The word staat or state is rooted from status or statum (Latin). These word “negara” which is commonly used in Inodnesia is originally from Sankrit, namely nagari or nagara which means territory, city or ruler.

Generally speaking, a state is social unity (society) ruled by constitution in order to achieve collective interest. A state also means a power institution, which has to have people, permanent territory, and sovereign government, both internally and externally.

1. an organized power institution

2. an ornatization that has authority to force and monopolize

3. an organization to manage collective interest in society, and

4. a federation that has certain territory and is equipped with state apparatus.

Based on the above definitions, it can be concluded that a state is:

1. George Jellnek : A state is power institution consisting of groups of people who live in certain territory.

2. Mr. Kranenburg : A state is an institution that is formed due to desire from a group of people or nation.

3. Roger F. Soltau: A state is an organization or authority to rule and control collective problems on behalf of community.

The Definition of State According to Several Scholars

Multiple Choice

Etymologically, the term state (“negara” in Indonesia) is translated from the words de staat (Dutch), der staat from.....

• English

• Franch

• Germany

• Malaysia

• Singapore

Multiple Choice

a power institution, which has to have people, permanent territory, and sovereign government, both internally and externally is called....

• a nation

• a state

• village

• city

• province

Multiple Choice

1. A state is power institution consisting of groups of people who live in certain territory. The statement is the meaning of the state according to....

• Karl Mark

• Hugo de Groot

• George Jellineek

• Mr. Kranenbrug

• Roger F. Soultau

 State Characteristics

​Generally, characteristics of a state are as follows:

1. Coercive Characteristics

It means that a state has an authority to force legal physical power. Through this authority, citizens will obey to legislation and other politicies in order to bring orderliness and security into reality.

Obligation to pay taxes, observant of the traffic regulations and other laws are the examples of the coercive characteristic of a state. If the citizens violate law and any state regulations, the state apparatus (police and the counsel of the prosecution) could force the citizens to ad here to the laws by sentencing to stay in jail or fine.

2. Monopoly Characteristic

It means that a state has an authority to decide collective goal of society. Therefore, the state could take the law of citizens who deny or violate the state’s decision. For instance, the state could decide which beliefs or religious sects and political groups that are prohibited to live and develop as they are considered as incompatible with society’s goal.

3. All-Encompassing Characteristic

It means that all legislations apply to all citizens without any exception, as mentioned in the 1945 constitution (UUD 1945) article 27 verse 1.

It mentions that every citizen is equal before the law without any discrimination on behalf of political, law, social-cultural and ethnic identities.

Multiple Choice

a state has an authority to force legal physical power. Through this authority, citizens will obey to legislation and other politicies in order to bring orderliness and security into reality. The statement is the meaning of ....

• 1. Coercive Characteristics

• 1. Monopoly Characteristic

• 1. All-Encompassing Characteristic

Multiple Choice

 a state has an authority to decide collective goal of society. Therefore, the state could take the law of citizens who deny or violate the state’s decision. The statement is the meaning of ....

• Coercive Characteristics

• Monopoly Characteristic

• 1. All-Encompassing Characteristic

Multiple Choice

every citizen is equal before the law without any discrimination on behalf of political, law, social-cultural and ethnic identities. The statement is the meaning of ....

• 1. Coercive Characteristics

• 1. Monopoly Characteristic

• 1. All-Encompassing Characteristic

Origin of a State

Some historians and scholars point out that the formation of state can be seen from two sides, namely primary and secondary.

Primary Formation of a State

It means that a state is initially from the simplest law society who develops and evolves into more advanced level. The develompment of primary state does not have any connection with any existing states. Its development includes as follows.

1. Ethnic Group or Society Federation

Human’s life starts from family and develop into law society (ethnic group). A leader called a chieftain is very important in this kind of society to ensure the lif of custom and tradition. An ethnic group will develop into several ethnic groups and continuosly become a bigger ethnic group after conquering other ethnic groups. 

2. Monarchy (rijk)

After conquering other ethnic groups, a chieftain will have more power to soceity. Therefore, the function of a chieftain will change into a king who has broader territories.

3. Nation-State

Initially, nation-state is ruled by an absolute king with centralistic governmental system. All people are forced to obey king’s desire and instruction as their loyalty to the state. From this point, the nation-state identity is firstly to emerge. This phase is called as national phase of the state formation.

4. Democratic State

From national state phase, people gradually have sense of nationalism. An absolute power of king has triggered people to rebel and take overthrow the power. Finally, the highest power is in people’s. They have right to choose their own leaders to bring their aspirations into reality. This phase is known as a democratic state phase (people sovereignty) which generate to the establishment of democratic state.

Multiple Choice

Human’s life starts from family and develop into law society (ethnic group). A leader called a chieftain is very important in this kind of society to ensure the lif of custom and tradition. The statement is the primary occurrence of the state, is.....

• Monarchy (rijk)

• Nation-State

• Ethnic Group or Society Federation

• Democratic State

Multiple Choice

From national state phase, people gradually have sense of nationalism. An absolute power of king has triggered people to rebel and take overthrow the power. The statement is the primary occurrence of the state, is.....

• Nation-State

• Democratic State

• Ethnic Group or Society Federation

• Monarchy (rijk)

Origin of a State

Some historians and scholars point out that the formation of state can be seen from two sides, namely primary and secondary.

 Factual Approach of State Formation

It means that a state formation is based on facts happened and revealed in history. The following are some possible facts that may lead to the formation of state:

1. Occupattie (occupation) is occupying a land that belongs to no one. Liberia for instance that gained its independence in 1847 was initially occupied by Negro slaves.

2. Fusi (Fusion) is a region consisting of small states that agreed to fuse into one new state. Federation of German in 1871 and the fusion of the West amd East German in 1990.

3. Cessie ( Cession) is a region or territory cession over to another state bassed on certain treaty. For example, Austria gave over Slewijk to Pusia (German) due to its defeat in the First World War, and the cession of Hongkong from England to China in 1997.

4. Accesie (Secession) is when a region is formed from the secession of river mud, or emerged from sea bottom (delta). The region is then inhabited by a group of people and finally becomes a state. Egypt is the example of a state region formed from subsiding of Nile River.

Origin of a State

Some historians and scholars point out that the formation of state can be seen from two sides, namely primary and secondary.

 Factual Approach of State Formation

5. Anexatie (annexation/mastery) is a state that is established in a region which is still under the rule of other state. Israel for example annexed some parts of Palestine, Syria, Jordan, and Eegypt in 1948.

6. Proclamation (proclamation) is when native people of region struggle for their independence ruled by other nation. NKRI for instance achieved its independence on 17th August 1945 from the colonial of Dutch and Japan.

7. Innovation (new formation) is the establishment of a new state in a territory that previously collapsed and disappeared.

1. Columbia is a state thet collapsed and disappeared. It the emerges as new states namely, Venezuela and New Columbia.

2. Federation of Yugoslavia has becom new states namely Serbia and Bosnia

3. After the ruin of Soviet Union, there are several new states to emerge such as Georgia, Azerbaijan,ect.

8. Separatise (Separation) is a region that drops off from other state that previously  ruled it and then declares its independence.

1. Bangladesh dropped off from Pakistan in 1974

2. Belgium dropped off from Dutch and declared its independence in 1839.

Multiple Choice

occupying a land that belongs to no one. Liberia for instance that gained its independence in 1847 was initially occupied by Negro slaves. The statement is called.....

• Fusi

• Cessie

• Occupattie

• Anexatie

Multiple Choice

when native people of region struggle for their independence ruled by other nation. NKRI for instance achieved its independence on 17th August 1945 from the colonial of Dutch and Japan. The statement is called.....

• Separatise

• Innovation

• Anexatie

• Proclamation

Multiple Choice

1. a region consisting of small states that agreed to fuse into one new state. Federation of German in 1871 and the fusion of the West amd East German in 1990. The statement is called.....

• Fusi

• Cessie

• Accupatie

• Proclamation

Multiple Choice

An example of innovation country is…..

• Amerika Serikat

• Coloumbia

• Inggris

• Vietnam

• Indonesia

Multiple Choice

Example of Separatisme is….

• Columbia is a state thet collapsed and disappeared. It the emerges as new states namely, Venezuela and New Columbia.

• Federation of Yugoslavia has become new states namely Serbia and Bosnia

• 1. Belgium dropped off from Dutch and declared its independence in 1839.

• After the ruin of Soviet Union, there are several new states to emerge such as Georgia, Azerbaijan,ect.

It means a legal recognition based on laws of other states including all the consequences. If its government is considered as stable, effective and capable to protect all citizens’ security and orderliness, every state has a right to accept de jure recognition.

​De Jure Recognition

It means the recognition that can be proven from relation between a new state and a recognizing state. De facto is a requirement to achieve de jure recognition.

​De Facto Recognition

State Recognition from Other States
A new state needs recognition from other states. It is the recognition based on international law. Although it is not a fundamental element (constitutive), the recognition from others is important as a declaration or supporting element (declarative) and in international relation structure, it is a prerequisite for an independent state.

Multiple Choice

the recognition that can be proven from relation between a new state and a recognizing state is….

• De Facto Recognition

• De Jure Recognition

• Internal sovereignty

• External sovereignty

Multiple Choice

 a legal recognition based on laws of other states including all the consequences is….

• De Facto Recognition

• De Jure Recognition

• External sovereignty

• Internal sovereignty

• It is a material and

  physical base of a state. It include land, sea and air.

​TERRITORY

• It is everyone

  who inhabits in a state

  and becomes its inhabitants.

​PEOPLE

STATE’S ELEMENTS
A state could be considered as strong institution when it has three principal elements that become absolute requirements for the formation of a state. These are populace, territory, and sovereign government. These are called as constitutive element.

​SOVEREIGN
GOVERMENT

• It is a ruling
  government or
  the highest power
  holder
  of a state, its region
  and citizens.

Multiple Choice

all people who legally bound to a state is….

• People

• Nation

• Citizen

• Territory

Multiple Choice

Wide of a state is determined with border that have been verified by international laws. The statment is….

• People

• Citizen

• Territory

• Nation

Multiple Choice

government power that is recognized and adhered by its citizens is….

• Internal sovereignty

• External sovereignt

• De facto recognition

• De jure recognition

Multiple Choice

government power to defend state’s independence from any interference and threat from other countries and to have freedom in establishing diplomatic relation with other countries is…..

• De facto recognition

• De jure recognition

• Internal sovereignty

• External sovereignty

It is a state form that consists of several states. They initially are independent and sovereign states that unite into a federation state and give central government the authority to manage some of their affairs.

Having own constitution, administration leader and legislative body are some states’ authorities, while foreign relations monetary, security, defense, and judicature are managed by the central government.

​Federation State (Union = Bondstaat)

It is an independent and sovereign state which has one government (central) that governs all the regions. It can be divided into:

1. Unitary state with centralized system is central government is the one who responsible for manage and control all state affairs, while regional government only functions as the implementer.

2. Unitary state with decentralized system is opportunity and power transfer to regional government to manage its own affairs (regional autonomy or swatantra region).

​Unitary State (Unitaries)

STATE FORM
Sociologically, state form is a system determining how constitution organizes the relation between state apparatus. Commonly, state forms are of two types as follows.

The are several characteristics of a federation state as follows.

1. States does not have external sovereignty, it only has internal sovereignty.

2. Federal government gains its sovereignty for external and some of internal affairs from state.

3. Every state has an authority to issue its own constitution as long as it is not incompatible with constitution of federal government.

4. A president is chosen and responsible to citizens like in the United States.

5. A President has right to veto which is brought to parliament like in the United States.

Multiple Choice

central government is the one who responsible for manage and control all state affairs, while regional government only functions as the implementer. This statement is a definition of….

• Federation state

• Unitary state

• Unitary state with centralized system

• Unitary state with decentralized system

Multiple Choice

opportunity and power transfer to regional government to manage its own affairs (regional autonomy or swatantra region). This statement is a definition of…..

• Unitary state

• Unitary state with centralized system

• Unitary state with decentralized system

• Federation state

Multiple Choice

Every state has an authority to issue its own constitution as long as it is not incompatible with constitution of federal government. This statement is a characteristik of……

• Unitary state

• Unitary state with centralized

• Unitary state with decentralized

• Federation state

Multiple Choice

A president is chosen and responsible to citizens. This statmen is characteristic of…..

• Unity state

• Unitary state centralized system

• Federation state

• Unitary state decentralized system

Multiple Choice

an example of a federation state is…..

• Inggris

• Thailand

• Indonesia

• Amerika Serikat

​Forms of States’ Coalition
In history of state, there are several forms of states alliances as follows.

1. State Confideration (Union/ State Bond)

2. Colony

3. Dominion

4. Mandate

5. Trusteeship

6. Protectorate

7. Union

​1. States Confederation (Union/ State Bond)

• States confederation is a union of several independent and sovereign states. Formation of confederation is not based on constitutional law, but traktat or international agreement.

• State confederation commonly has the highest body which is responsible in implementing and organizing cooperation of common interest of every state’s member. International security and defense is one of the examples. This highest body usually hold periodical meeting which is attended by representatives of every state’s member such as prime minister or ministry of foreign affairs.

• The United Nation (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the European Union (EU) aree the examples of states confederation as these organizations have the characteristics of the states confederation.
  
  

Differences between Federation State and States Confederation

Federation State	State Confederation
Decision made by federal government directly bind to citizens of states	Desicion made by confederation does not directly bind to citizens of states’
States could not drop off from federal state as it is based on constitution	Members of confederation are able to drop off from the states confederation as it is based on traktat or international agreement
States have internal sovereignty only	Members of confederation are still have both internal and external sovereignty

​The United Nation (UN),

​​the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

​​the European Union (EU)

Replace this text with your body text.

​Duplicate this text as many times as you would like.

​For instance, Tunisia and Maroco were the colony of France and Inodnesia was the Ducht colony.

It is a state or region that is under the rule of other state. It does not have any rights to manage its own affairs such as politic, economy, law, security and defense system.

2. COLONY

​such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

It is special form of state within the United Kingdom. Initially, dominion states are the former British colonies. After they gained independence and complete sovereignty to run its own government and admitted British King as its king (the unity symbol), these states unite into the British Commonwealth of Nation

3. DOMINION

4. MANDATE

• It was formed the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Mandate is initially colony of states defeated in the First World War and is under the protection of state that wins the war with the control of Board Mandate League of Nations.

• A state entrusted with a mandate is responsible for implementing interests of people of a mandate. It also has to report the condition of a mandate state to the League of Nations.

• Status of mandate can be completely removed when the state is able to perform its obligation as state and is recognized as a state. Iraq and Palestine are the examples of the former manadates of France.

5. TRUSTEESHIP

It is a region that after the Second World War is protected by states of Trusteeship Council and the winning state of the war. The objective of trusteeship is to improve political, economical, social and educational development of people under the trusteeship. Therefore, they could gain complete independence.

The San Francisco Conference has brought about trusteeship system and the regions under the trusteeship are:

1. a region that was previously a mandate

2. a region that is separated from the defeated state in the Second World War, and

3. a region of a state that voluntarily hand its governmental affairs over trusteeship system.

Papua New Guinea is the example of trusteeship region. It was a British colony and under the protection of UN until 1975.

6. PROTECTORATE

It is a state that is under the protection of another stronger state. Commonly a protector state is responsible for foreign relation and defense system. Therefore, the protectorate state is not considered as an independent state as it could not be included as subject of international law. Tunisia, Monaco, and Indochina Union (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam) are the examples of teh protectorate states of France.

A protectorate state can be divided into two types as follows.

1. Colonial protectorate is a protectorate form that gives over foreign relation, security and defense, and home affairs to the protector state (Union-Francaise)

2. International protectorate is a protectorate form that still concern on provisions of the International Law. It means that a state is protected only for several foreign, home on protector state. This kind of state can be considered as a subject of International law. Egypt is the protectorate of Turkey in 1917, Zanzibar is the protectorate og British in 1890 and Albania is the protectorate of Italy in 1936.

7.UNION

It is a coalition of several states and headed by one state leader. There are three types of union as follows.

1. Real Union (Reele Unie) is when two states based on traktat are united under the rule of the same monarch. It the establishes union apparatus to rule their collective interests. These interests commonly relate to foreign affairs. Austria-Hungary Union in 1867-1919 and the Union between Sweden and Norway ini 1815-1905 are the examples of union.

2. Personal Union (Personele Unie) is when two or more states are governed by the same monarch as a state leader but each state still manages all of its own home and foreign affairs. Benelux (Belgium, Netherland, and Luxembourg), and the Union between England and Scotland in 1603-1707.

3. Sui genesis Union (Unie Suigenesis), it is a union of states that agree to have mutual relationship to manage their foreign affairs. Netherlands-Indonesia Union is one of the examples.

Multiple Choice

a union of several independent and sovereign states. This statement is a definition of….

• Colony

• Dominion

• States Confederation

• Mandate

Multiple Choice

Decision made by federal government directly bind to citizens of states. This statement is characteristic of…..

• State Confederation

• Mandate

• Colony

• Federation State

Multiple Choice

Members of confederation are still have both internal and external sovereignty. This statement is characteristic of….

• Protentorate

• Mandate

• Domonion

• State Confederation

Multiple Choice

the examples of states confederation is…..

• US

• NATO

• UK

• The unity symbol

Multiple Choice

The example of Colony is…..

• Tunisia and Marocco, werre the clony of France and Indonesia wa the Dutch colony

• Broad Mandate League of Nations

• Indo-China Union

• Broad Mandate League of Nations

Multiple Choice

The British Commonwealth of Nation (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa) is an example of…..

• Mandate

• Dominion

• Colony

• Trusteeship

Multiple Choice

Iraq and Palestine are the examples of the former madates of….

• Inggris

• France

• US

• Colombia

Multiple Choice

Papua New Guinea is the example of…….It was a Britihs colony and under the protection of UN until 1975.

• Protectorate

• Dominion

• Colony

• Trusteeship

Multiple Choice

The example of union is…..

• The union between Sweden and Norway in 1815-1905

• Albania is the protectorate of British in 1890

• Papua New Guiena it was a British colony and under the protectorate of UN until 1975

• Tunisia and Marocco were the colony of France and indonesia was the Dutch colony

​​Managing Orderliness and Security

​​Managing People’s Welfare and Prosperity

​​Managing State’s Defense

​Maintaining Justice

​STATE FUNCTION

​By state goal, a state has to implement its two main tasks as follows.

1. Managing state’s life as well as possible so that state’s goal could be achieved.

2. Managing and implementing good government through its apparatus.

State goals deals with organization or its state. it is very important to direct all activities, to set up and control state’s apparatus and people’s life.

Multiple Choice

The following are the functions of the state….

• Managing state’s life as well as possible so that state’s goal could be achieved.

• Managing and implementing good government through its apparatus.

• Managing Orderliness and Security

Multiple Choice

Managing and implementing good government through its apparatus is….

• State Function

• State Characteristic

• State Objective