Cells and Cell Transport

Unit 2
Cells
Cell Transport

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of life
3. Cells come from other cells

Organisms may be:

a.

Unicellular-composed of one cell

b.

Multicellular- composed of many cells

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not part of the Cell Theory?

• Cells can arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
• All living organisms are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of life.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Nucleus

No

Yes

Organelles

Division

Binary Fission

Mitosis

Size

Unicellular

Uni- or multicellular

Examples

Bacteria Animals, plants, fungi, protists

There are two types:

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

No

Yes

Multiple Choice

What separates a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?

• Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells lack a cell membrane while prokaryotic cells have one.
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Multiple Choice

Identify the type of cell displayed in the image.

• Prokaryote

• Bacterial cell

• Animal cell

• Eukaryote

Multiple Choice

The image is of a small unicellular organism. The genetic material is floating freely in the cytoplasm. Classify the organism.

• Animal cell

• Plant Cell

• Prokaryote

• Eukaryote

Although there are two type

of cells, ALL cells have:

Cell

Membran

e

Ribosome

s

Cytoplas

m

Genetic
Material
(DNA &
RNA)

Multiple Select

All cells have which of the following

• Cell Membrane

• Cell Wall

• Cytoplasm

• Genetic Material

• Nucleus

All cells have these four
structures, but eukaryotic
cells also have
membrane-bound
organelles

●Organelles - specialized
structures within the cell
that work together to help
the cell function.

○

Think of them as “ mini
organs” within the cell
working together for one
main purpose- TO MAKE
PROTEIN.

Organelles

Structure :

●
Surrounds the outside of ALL cells!

●
Made of two layers (known as the phospholipid
bilayer)

●Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

It’s function

Job:

Like the City
Limits of The

Cell

Cytoplasm

●

Jelly-like substance

●

Mainly made up of
water

Job

Structure

●

Holds everything in
place

Like the Air and

Atmosphere

Encompassing the

City

Nucleus

●

Contains genetic
material (DNA)

●

Surrounded by a
nuclear membrane

Job

Structure

●

Protects the DNA
that controls the
activities of the cell

The City Hall

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule is housed inside the nucleus?

• Carbs

• Nucleic Acids

• Lipids
• Proteins

Ribosome

●Made of proteins and
rRNA

●Located on Rough ER and
floating in cytoplasm

Job

Structur

e

● Makes PROTEINS

The Factories

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule is made at the ribosome?

• Lipids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids

Structure:

●

Studded with
Ribosomes
along its
surface.

Job:

●

Protein
Assembly Line

The Protein

Superhighway

Golgi

Apparatus

● Folded up membrane

Job

Structure

● Gets vesicles of

protein from ER

● Processes, sorts and

ships proteins to
where needed.

The Post Office

Mitochondria
Structure:

● Two parts: inner and outer

membrane

It’s Function:

● Where cellular respiration

happens

● Breaks down food to release

energy as ATP

● Powerhouse of the cell

The Power
Company

Chloroplast

(PLANT CELL ONLY)

Structure:

● Two parts: Grana (stacks)

and Stroma (fluid)

It’s Function:

● Where photosynthesis

happens

● Converts energy from the

sun to glucose

The Solar Energy

Plant

Multiple Choice

The mitochondria and chloroplast ....

• synthesize proteins.

• conduct photosynthesis

• produce energy

• store genetic information

Cell Wall
(PLANT CELL ONLY)

Structure:

● Made of: cellulose, chitin, or

peptidoglycan.

It’s Function:

● Protects and maintains the

cell’s shape

The City Wall

Central Vacuole

(PLANT CELL ONLY)

Structure:

● 1 massive central structure

It’s Function:

● Maintains shape and storage

of plants

The Water

Tower

Multiple Choice

The Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cell Wall and Large Central Vacuole can all be categorized as

• Energy Makers

• Protein Makers

• Providing Structure or Protection

Multiple Choice

The Mitochondria and Chloroplast can be categorized as

• Protein makers

• Energy makers

• Providing structure or protection

Multiple Choice

The ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus can all be catergorized as

• Protein makers

• Energy makers

• Providing structure or support

Multiple Select

What 3 organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?

• Cell wall

• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts

• Large central vacuole

Multiple Choice

Why don't animal cells have chloroplasts?

• Animal cells can perform photosynthesis in low light.
• Chloroplasts are found in all types of cells.
• Animal cells lack chloroplasts because they do not perform photosynthesis.
• Animal cells have chloroplasts for energy storage.

Topic 02

Cell Membrane

and Cell
Transport

Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain and
regulate stable internal conditions.

How does your body regulate/maintain homeostasis?

●

Temperature, pH, and the concentration of other
materials and nutrients must be

maintained within

a relatively narrow window.

●

Much of homeostasis is maintained by the cell
membrane controlling movement

of things in and

out of the cell.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis Regulation

Multiple Choice

What is homeostasis?

• maintaining a stable internal conditions

• ability to adapt to external environments.

• the process of aging

• the growth and development of an organism.

Multiple Choice

What is another word that can be used to describe "homeostasis"?

• stable

• imbalance

• equal

• correct

Multiple Choice

Homeostasis means that the _____ stays stable while the outside changes.

• external environment
• body temperature
• cellular structure
• internal environment

• The cell membrane is said

to be selectively
permeable, meaning
certain substances can
move across it freely,
while others must move
through a “gate”.

• Transport of materials

can be classified as
either passive transport
or active transport.

• Made of phospholipids

– Phosphate “head”
– 2 fatty acid chain “tails”

• Arranged in a bilayer

(two layers)

– Polar heads = hydrophilic =

water loving layer

– Nonpolar tails =

hydrophobic = water
fearing layer

Cell Membrane

Multiple Choice

The cell membrane has selective permeability. What does this mean?

• controls which molecules enter or exit the cell.

• only allows water to enter the cell.

• impermeable to all substances.

• allows all molecules to pass freely.

Multiple Choice

The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called

• freely permeable
• impermeable
• selectively permeable
• permeable

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule does the cell membrane mostly consist of?

• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids

Multiple Choice

The function of the plasma (cell) membrane is....

• to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

• To facilitate protein synthesis
• To store genetic information
• To provide structural support to the cell

Selective Permeability

Allows some materials, but not

all, to pass through

CAN PASS EASILY =
Small, non-polar,

molecules and water
(even though H 2O is
polar it is really tiny!)

CANNOT PASS
EASILY = Polar
molecules must use
proteins to pass and
large molecules
must use vesicles .

Multiple Choice

Which types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane?

• Large polar molecules
• Complex carbohydrates
• Ions and charged particles
• Small nonpolar molecules and water.

Cellular Transport

Passive Transport
● requires no extra energy
● molecules move from high

concentration to low
concentration

● down the concentration

gradient.

Active Transport
● requires extra energy

(ATP)

● Molecules move from

low concentration to
high concentration

● against the

concentration
gradient

Multiple Choice

Passive transport does not require energy because molecules are moving

• down their concentration gradient

• away from other molecules

• with active transport mechanisms

• against their concentration gradient

Multiple Choice

When molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, this requires ________.

• facilitated diffusion

• energy

• Protein channels

• passive diffusion

Concentration : Number

of molecules of a
substance in a given
volume

Concentration

gradient :Difference in
concentration of a
substance from one
location to another

Concentration vs

Concentration Gradient

Multiple Choice

Did the movement of the red molecules require energy?

• No, they are moving down the concentration gradient

• Yes, they are moving down the concentration gradient

• No, they are moving against the concentration gradient

• Yes, they are moving against the concentration gradient

Multiple Choice

In passive transport, substances move across the cell membrane ________ the concentration gradient

• in parallel with
• with or down

• up
• against

Multiple Choice

Osmosis is the movement of _____across a membrane.

• salt
• carbon dioxide
• water
• glucose

Multiple Choice

Human red blood cells contain less than 1% salt solution. What would happen if an IV solution containing 3.5% salt solution is introduced into a person? 

• The red blood cells would shrink due to water leaving the cells.
• The red blood cells would remain unchanged.
• The salt concentration would have no effect on the cells.
• The red blood cells would swell and burst.

Multiple Choice

What structure do you think will not allow the plant cell in the hypotonic solution to burst?

• The chloroplasts.
• The vacuole.
• The cytoplasm.
• The cell wall.

Multiple Choice

Nemo and other ocean dwelling fish cannot survive in freshwater because......

• they have a special adaptation for freshwater survival.
• they can breathe air like land animals.
• they thrive in freshwater environments.
• they cannot regulate salt and water balance in freshwater.

Multiple Choice

In this picture, which way will the water move?

• Into the cell

• Out of the cell

• Downward
• No movement

Multiple Choice

With active transport, the molecules are moving from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration.

• equal; equal
• lower; higher
• higher; equal
• higher; lower